medicine

• Some Dereces had a Suarcal toilet
• famures often one water came from a local river er pond
• Bewage bricked from one Streets into the rivers out most fanicules washed their clothes and bodies and brank water from river
• None of these houses had toilets
• The best families buchet in the corner of the room that could mange a would be dumped into the Streets or Stoma outside are to add to farmers for manure
• 1500


  1th November 2020
• In 1955, Snow represented his findings to the house of Commons
• Snow Showed endence that he gathered, which proved cholera was transmitted through water
• Me recomended the Goverment start making improvements to London Sewage systems
• Coverment eventually agreed to invest in a new sewage Sytems which was completed in 1875
• A hot.dry Summer in 1958 caused 'the great stink"
• Proper work in the sewers Started in 1860
• Many people rejected snows discovery
• Some scientists pointed that cholera would still break out to people who lived away from the pump
• The 'general Board of Health' clung to the theory of Miasma and rejected Snow's findings
• Snow had plenty of evidence to show cholera was Spread in water, he had no scientific evidence to prove what coused the disease
• Alongside new scientific methods of preventions, a great deal was also being done to improve Living conditions in Britain, particulary in larger cities
• In Hoos, goverment had interest in improving conditions in elties
• They had a laissez-faire attitude and beleived it was not their responsabluby to interfere in the way people uved
• laissez-faire


  French term meaning 'Leave be'. It is use to describe the goverments who do not get the day to day lives of their population
• Ancient names of the 4 elements

  • blood
  • air
  • fire
  • earth
• Humours


  • Sanguine
  • choler
  • melancholic
  • Phlegmatic
• Hippocrates and Galen


  • Very popular figures in medieval medicine
  • Their texts were written in Ancient Greek and Rome, but Latin translations only started appearing in Europe after the 11th century
• Transmission of Hippocrates and Galen's texts

  1. Copied and recopied by monks

  2. Passed on to new medieval medical universities

  3. First European medical school established in Salerno in the 9th century

  4. Taught students based on those texts, rather than practical experience
• In medieval times, people prayed for God to cure them
• Humours


  • Not all explanations for disease were supernatural or religious
  • A very popular theory first put forward by the ancient Greeks
  • The theory stated that as the universe was made up of 4 basic elements, the body must also be made up of 4 elements
• The 4 humours


  • Blood
  • Phlegm
  • Black bile
  • Choler or yellow bile
• Treatments in medieval times

  • Prayer
  • Bloodletting
  • Leeches
  • Cupping
  • Purging
  • Paralysis cure with dead fox
  • Herbs
• Bubonic plague


  A type of infection caused by the Yersinia pestis bacterium, spread mostly by fleas on rodents and other animals
• The Black Death arrived in England in 1348 and ended in 1352, killing 25 to 50 million people
• Beliefs about the cause of the Black Death

  • Punishment from God for sins
  • Imbalance of the 4 humours
• During the Black Death, Jewish communities were accused of causing it, leading to persecutions and massacres
• Cause of the Black Death

  Diseased rats, with fleas biting the rats and then biting humans, vomiting the diseased blood into the humans
• Reactions to the Black Death

  • Abandoning everything to flee towns
  • Shutting themselves in houses
  • Avoiding people altogether
• Recommendations by plague doctors

  • Removing infected corpses
  • Getting fresh air
  • Drinking clean water
  • Drinking rose hip juice preparation
  • Bloodletting to balance humours
• Plague doctor's mask


  Had two small nose holes and was a type of respirator containing aromatic items like dried flowers, herbs, and other substances
• The printing press was invented by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany around 1440
• Impact of the printing press

  • Enabled information to be spread accurately and quickly
  • Took book copying out of the hands of the church, allowing a wider variety of subjects to be written about
• The desire to explain the world in secular terms led to a big increase in the number of experiments being carried out, leading to the founding of the Royal Society in 1660
• Andreas Vesalius published his first book "Six Anatomical Tables" in 1537, showing different parts of the human body labeled in multiple languages