mitosis and meiosis

• In biology, there are often vocabulary terms that sound pretty similar, such as chromosome, chromatid, chromatin, transcription, translation, mitosis, and meiosis
• Mitosis and meiosis are both processes involved in making new cells
• Diploid

  Having 2 sets of chromosomes
• During interphase, the cell duplicates the chromosomes
• When chromosomes are duplicated, there are 92 chromatids, even though the number of chromosomes is still 46
• PMAT

  The acronym for the stages of mitosis and meiosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
• Mitosis

  1. Prophase

  2. Metaphase

  3. Anaphase

  4. Telophase

  5. Cytokinesis
• Meiosis

  1. Prophase I

  2. Metaphase I

  3. Anaphase I

  4. Telophase I

  5. Prophase II

  6. Metaphase II

  7. Anaphase II

  8. Telophase II

  9. Cytokinesis
• Prophase (mitosis)


  • Chromosomes are visible and condensing
• Prophase I (meiosis)


  • Chromosomes match up with their homologous pairs, allowing for crossing over and recombination
• Metaphase (mitosis)


  • Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell in a single file line
• Metaphase I (meiosis)


  • Chromosomes are in the middle of the cell, but still in pairs
• Anaphase (mitosis)


  • Chromatids are pulled away to opposite sides of the cell
• Anaphase I (meiosis)


  • Chromosomes, not chromatids, are pulled away to opposite sides of the cell
• Telophase (mitosis) and Telophase I (meiosis)


  • Chromosomes are at opposite ends, and new nuclei are forming
• At the end of mitosis and cytokinesis, there are two identical, diploid cells
• Meiosis II follows meiosis I, and results in four non-identical, haploid cells (gametes)
• When a sperm and egg cell combine, it results in a diploid, fertilized egg (zygote) that will undergo mitosis to form a new organism
• karyokinesis- a process when the nucleus divides
• cytokinesis- a process when the cytoplasm divides
• spindle fibers- are chiefly involved in moving and segregating the chromosomes during the nuclear division
• nucleus- is a membrane-bound organelle that contains genetic material (DNA).
• cytoplasm- is responsible for holding the components of the cell

  and protects them from damage.
• dna- deoxyribonucleic acid
• chromosomes- long strands of DNA molecules that are found in the nucleus of a cell
• chromatins- is a substance within a chromosome consisting of DNA and protein called histones.
• Chromatids- is one of two identical halves of a replicated chromosome.
• Centromere- the point of attachment of the kinetochore.