developmental, psychotic, and anxiety disorders

• Developmental Disorders are characterized by delays or abnormalities in physical, intellectual, language, motor, social-emotional, or adaptive behavior.
• Psychotic Disorders involve the presence of hallucinations (perception without stimulation) and/or delusions (beliefs that cannot be changed despite evidence to the contrary).
• Anxiety Disorders include excessive fear or worry about future events, objects, or situations.
• Language disorder - persistent difficulties in the acquisition and use of language across modalities due to deficits in comprehension or production
• Speech sound disorder – persistent difficulty with speech sound production that interferes with speech intelligibility or prevents verbal communication of messages.
• Childhood-onset fluency disorder involves stuttering onset prior to age seven years.
• Stuttering is an involuntary disruption of fluent speech caused by repetitions, prolongations, or blocks of sounds or syllables.
• Selective mutism is characterized by consistent failure to speak in specific social situations where speaking is expected, such as school.
• Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities.
• Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with symptoms of hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattentiveness.
• Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is characterized by recurrent negative attitudes towards authority figures and defiance of rules.
• Conduct Disorder (CD) is characterized by aggressive conduct toward people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness, theft, and serious violations of rules.
• Intermittent Explosive Disorder – recurrent behavioral outbursts. Aggressiveness is out of proportion to the provocation.
• Reactive attachment disorder - Pattern of inhibited, emotionally withdrawn behavior toward adult caregivers.
• Generalized Anxiety Disorder - Excessive anxiety and worry. Three or more of the following: restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance.
• Bipolar 1 and 2 can look very similar, but there's one key difference: People with bipolar 1 have at least one episode of mania in their lifetime, while people with bipolar 2 do not. During a manic episode, people with bipolar 1 also tend to have more severe symptoms that disrupt their daily life.
• Major depressive episodes are periods of sadness lasting two weeks or longer during which an individual experiences feelings of hopelessness, worthlessness, guilt, and low energy levels.
• Manic episodes involve extreme highs in mood and activity level, often accompanied by racing thoughts, impulsivity, and decreased need for sleep.
• Etiology of Depression

  Depressive Attributional Style (Abramson)

  -              Internal vs. external: personal failings

  -              Stable vs unstable: “I am always like this.”

  -              Global vs. specific: across a variety of issues
• Rumination – going over and over in one’s mind or going over a thought repeatedly.
• Kleptomania - Recurrent failure to resist impulses to steal objects that are not needed for personal use or their monetary value.
• Pyromania - recurrent failure to resist the urge to start fires; must be done intentionally and without financial gain.
• Factitious disorder is a condition in which a patient intentionally falsifies medical or psychiatric symptoms. Symptoms can be self-induced or fabricated.
• Dissociative identity disorder (formerly known as multiple personality disorder) is characterized by two or more distinct identities or personalities within an individual.
• Illness Anxiety disorder - Preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious illness.

  Somatic symptoms are not present or, if present are only mild in intensity
• Amenorrhea is defined as the absence of menstruation during the reproductive years of a woman's life.
• Bipolar Disorder Type II involves at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode but never a full manic episode.
• Disorganized thinking – also known as formal thought disorder.

  Is typically inferred from the individual’s speech
• Persistent Depressive Disorder (dysthymia): A chronic form of depression lasting at least 2 years in adults and 1 year in children and adolescents. It may occur along with another mental disorder.
• Tangentiality – answers to questions may be completed unrelated.
• Derailment or loose association – switch from one topic to another
• Word salad – incomprehensible speech.
• Clang association – association of words based on their similar sound rather than meaning.
• Double binds are often utilized as a form of control without open coercion—the use of confusion makes them difficult both to respond to and to resist.
• Downward drift theory - a sociological concept purporting to explain the higher incidence of schizophrenia in urban poverty centers, suggesting that during the preclinical phase, people tend to drift into poverty and social isolation.
• Sociogenic hypothesis - The theory that individuals in low socioeconomic classes experience significantly more life stressors than individuals in higher socioeconomic classes, and these stressors are associated with unemployment, poor educational levels, crime, and poverty generally.
• RA 11036 - It provides a rights-based mental health bill and a comprehensive framework for the implementation of optimal mental healthcare in the Philippines.
• Avoidant personality disorder – A pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation.
• Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD) is characterized by an excessive need to be taken care of which leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation
• Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD) is characterized by distrust and suspiciousness of others' motives