RPH

• Jose Rizal: 'In order to know the destiny of the people, it is necessary to open the book of its past.'
• Meaning of History


  Study of past events presented in chronological order and with explanation
• Meaning of History


  Past of mankind
• Meaning of History


  "HIS STORY"
• Meaning of History


  "sanaysay na may saysay"
• Meaning of History


  "kwento na may kwenta"
• Historians


  Individuals who write about history
• Historiography


  The practice of historical writing
• Geschehen


  To happen
• Geschichte


  That which has happened
• Methods of Historiography


  • Traditional Method - gathering of documents to form a pool of evidence to make an analytical or descriptive narration
  • Modern Method - includes traditional method and use of research methods such as geography or archaeology
• Colonial Historiography - Americans

  • Period of darkness
  • Era of enlightenment
• Colonial Historiography - Americans


  Emphasized that Filipinos were colonized is to teach the natives the "civilized lifestyle" such as personal hygiene and public administration
• Colonial Historiography - Spaniards

  • Period of darkness or backwardness
  • Period of advancement or enlightenment
• Colonial Historiography - Spaniards


  Emphasized that colonization is primary to liberate Filipinos from their "barbaric lifeways"
• Both Spaniards and Americans looked at the natives to be bereft of an advanced culture and respectable history
• Rizal annotated the book of Morga (1609): Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (Events in the Philippine Islands)


  1890
• Filipinos perception about their colonial past

  • Filipinos were initially maltreated by the "wicked Spain"
  • The Philippines was rescued by the "benevolent America"
• To pacify the Filipinos, the US used ingenious ways through education as a tool to control their subjects and increase political and economic powers
• This erased the Filipino consciousness of the bloody Philippine-American War


  • Balangiga Massacre (Eastern Samar-March 1901 and Sept 28, 1901)
  • Battle of Bud Bagsak (Sulu from June 11-15, 1913)
• Teodoro Agoncillo


  Pioneered nationalist historiography in the country by highlighting the role of the Filipino reformists and revolutionaries from 1872 "lost history"
• Renato Constantino


  People's history - a study of the past that sought to analyze society by searching out people's voices from colonial historical records/materials
• Zeus Salazar


  "Pantayong Pananaw" (an approach to understand the past from our own (Filipino) cultural frame and language)
• Reynaldo Ileto


  "history from below" - Used alternative historical sources (folksongs and prayers) to analyze and explain the way of thinking of ordinary folks
• Samuel Tan


  Mainstreamed the role and relevance of Filipino Muslims in the country's history
• Characteristics of Contemporary Phil. Historiography

  • Political Narratives - Deal with political aspects of nation-building, e.g. Legacies of political leaders, Establishment of different governments
  • Colonial Histories in Historical Narratives - Filipinos are more familiar with colonial histories than pre-colonial histories, Misrepresentation of Filipinos as "barbarians" or savages, Misrepresentation of Americans or Spaniards as liberators of Filipinos from cultural backwardness
  • Elite-centric Perspectives in Historical Narratives - focus is on the contribution of the elite in nation-building, role of the "ilustrado" as they fought in 19th century, how politicians negotiated with Americans to obtain Phil. independence
  • Patriarchal Organization in Historical Narratives - most historical narratives highlight heroism of men, MEN's role in leading revolts, championing independence or spearheading political and economic development
  • Emphasis on Lowland Christianized Filipinos - Most recognized and celebrated in national histories are mostly lowland Christians; Rizal, Bonifacio, Aguinaldo
• Women Leaders


  • Gabriela Silang - assumed leadership of the Ilocos Revolt after her husband was murdered
  • Tandang Sora (Ina ng Katipunan) - offered her barn and farm to revolutionaries; linked her son's involvement in the Katipunan
  • Corazon Aquino - martyr's widow who led a movement to depose dictatorship (Edsa Revolution)