Scholars

• Mary Beard [Aug's relationship w Caesar]


  Caesar was Octavian's passport to power.
• Wallace-Hadrill [a Toast to Actium]


  The images the poet conjures up emphasise the gulf between Roman and the alien
• Wallace-Hadrill [Actium poetry]


  All poetry on Actium show the chain of Roman values
• Wallace-Hadrill [Augustus' restoration of tradition]


  Augustus restored tradition in order to become part of it
• Galinksy [the difference in Golden ages]


  The Saturnian golden age is a gift from the gods... the people enjoy slothful existence. Augustus' golden age could only be maintained and enjoyed through hard work.
• Wallace-Hadrill [relative sexual freedoms]


  Her husband was free to pursue any woman except a respectable freeborn citizen.
• Price [Pater Patriae]


  It was a new way to conceptualise his authority
• Wallace-Hadrill [the symbolism of the capture of Egypt]


  "The capture of Egypt was a symbol of Augustus' termination of civil war"
• Marsh [legacy]


  He was the man who had built an empire that would last for centuries and he would not be forgotten.
• Edwards [Augustus' power]


  Augustus made Rome into an autocracy disguised as a republic
• Edwards [Leges Iuliae]


  Augustus' laws caused grief among his own family
• Zanker

  Anthony's association with Dionysus.'Towards the end, his entire lifestyle was shaped by this role.'- Zanker believes that Anthony began to believe his own hype and live as Dionysus. Alexandrians would support this but Romans associated this extravagance with effeminacy and decadence which was not ideal for a leader.
• Zanker.


  The fluidity of Apollo's image with Octavian.'All these goals and objectives could be associated with the God.'- Before Actium, Octavian associated with the aspect of Apollo that was discipline, morality, and punishment. Afterwards, Octavian highlighted the aspect of Apollo that was associated with peace, abundance, light, music etc.
• Zink.


  The Temple of Palatine Apollo.‘The architecture remains notoriously unknown’
• Zanker.


  The Classical style of Augustan statues.'not primarily to aesthetic standards, but ethical ones'He thinks that Augustan Romans viewed Classical Greek as a period of moral behaviour so would associate this art style with morality. Augustus wanted to encourage this. Other scholars disagree.