unit 7(industrial and economic development)

• core

  National or global regions where economic power, in terms of wealth, innovation, and advanced technology, is concentrated.
• development


  A process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology.
• developed countries


  MDCs
• developing countries


  LDCs
• fossil fuels


   a nonrenewable energy resource formed from the remains of organisms that lived long ago.
• gender inequality index


  GII
• periphery


  less developed countries or regions that are economically and politically weaker than core countries.
• semi-periphery


  countries that have a standard of living lower than those in the “core,” but much higher than those in the “periphery.”
• Aggolmeration


  The clustering of productive activities and people for mutual advantage.
• Ancillary Activites


  Economic activities that surround and support large-scale industries such as shipping and food services.
• Backwash Effect


  The negative effects on one region that result from economic growth within another region.
• Break-of-bulk point


  A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another.
• Brownfield


  abandoned industrial sites
• Bulk-gaining industry


  An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.
• Bulk-reducing industry


  An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.
• Capital


  An economic system based on private ownership of capital
• commodity dependence


  economic dependence on exports of raw materials
• Comparative Advantage


  The ability of a country to produce a good at a lower cost than another country can.
• Complementarity


  The actual or potential relationship between two places, usually referring to economic interactions.
• Conglomerate


  a group of diverse companies under common ownership and run as a single organization
• Core-Periphery Model


  A model of the spatial structure of development in which underdeveloped countries are defined by their dependence on a developed core region.
• Deindustrialization


  The cumulative and sustained decline in the contribution of manufacturing to a national economy.
• Dependancy Theory


  a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones
• economies of scale


  factors that cause a producer's average cost per unit to fall as output rises
• Ecotourism


  the practice and business of recreational travel based on concern for the environment
• export processing zones (EPZs)


  zones established by many countries in the periphery and semi-periphery where they offer favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements to attract foreign trade and investment
• fair trade


  Alternative to international trade that emphasizes small businesses and worker owned and democratically run cooperatives and requires employers to pay workers fair wages, permit union organizing, and comply with minimum environmental and safety standards.
• Free trade agreement


  an agreement between member countries to remove duties and trade barriers on products traded among them.
• Footloose industry


  industry in which the cost of transporting both raw materials and finished product is not important for the location of firms
• Fordist production


  Form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly.
• Post-Fordist Production


  Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks.
• Forgein investment


  capital that originates in other countries
• Gender Equality Index


  A measure of the extent of each country's gender inequality
• Greenhouse effect


  Natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth's atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP)


  A measurement of the total goods and services produced within a country.
• Gross National Product


  The total value of goods and services, including income received from abroad, produced by the residents of a country within a specific time period, usually one year.
• Gross national income


  The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country
• Human development index


  Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy
• import substitution


  a government policy that uses trade restrictions and subsidies to encourage domestic production of manufactured goods
• Industrial inertia


  The refusal of a company to leave its original location even when the reasons that made the location suitable or advantageous have disappeared.