Phytochemicals Part 2

• compounds that contain carbohydrates and noncarbohydrate residue in the same molecule

  Glycosides
• The carbohydrate residue is attached at the carbon atom 1 to a noncarbohydrate residue by what linkage?

  Acetyl linkage
• The nonsugar component of glycosides

  aglycone
• the sugar component of glycosides

  glycone
• Classification of Glycosides

  • Tannin
  • Carboxylic group
  • Aldehyde group
  • Anthraquinone group
  • Alcohol group
  • Saponin group
  • Lactone group
  • Cyanate group
  • Isothiocyanate group
  • Phenol group
  • Flavonol group
• Divided into 2 types based on the chemical structure of their aglycones

  Saponin glycosides
• Saponin aglycone


  Sapogenins
• Example of sapogenin

  Dried rhizome and root of GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA (Licorice)
• Sapogenin Glycones

  • Glucose
  • Arabinose
  • Xylose
  • Glucuronic acid
• Sapogenins

  • Neutral saponin
  • Saponin acid
• Example of neutral saponin

  steroids
• example of saponin acid

  triterpenoids
• Belong to the flavonoids

  Phenolic
• Example of phenolic compound

  Lignin
• It is the primary substance of wood and is the most common member of the phenolic group

  Lignin
• These are polyphenolic compounds possessing 15 carbon atoms; 2 benzene rings joined by a linear 2 carbon chain

  Flavonoids
• Chemical formula of flavonoids

  C6-C3-C6
• These are easily recognized as flower pigments in most angiosperm families

  Flavonoids
• They are the most characteristic compounds in plants

  Flavonoids
• What is found in cinnamon?

  Chalcones
• A flavonoid generally found in herbaceous families such as Labiatae, Umbelliferae, and Compositae

  Flavones
• A flavonoid generally found in woody angiosperms

  Flavonol
• An example of flavonol that is found in SAMBUCUS NIGRA, CASSIA SENNA, EQUISETUM ARVENSE, AND LAMIUM ALBUM

  Kaemferol
• A flavonoid found in genus Citrus such as lemon and orange

  Flavones
• A flavonoid that occur in the form of salt

  Antocyanins
• A flavonoid that can be found in fruits such as oil palm and bilberry flowers like Roselle and Hibiscus.

  Antocyanins
• A flavonoid that gives a different color in different media (pH)

  Antocyanin
• A type of flavonoid that are commonly found in soya beans and roots of Leguminosae

  Isoflavonoids
• A special class of flavonoid; has a 5-membered ring in the 2nd ring

  Aurone