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• The ultimate purpose of the existence of the healthcare system is to improve patient health outcomes as well as protect patients from the financial burden of diseases
• Key components of a Functioning Health System

  • Leadership and Governance
  • Health Information Systems
  • Health Financing
  • Human Resources for Health
  • Essential Medical Products and Technologies
  • Service Delivery
• Leadership and Governance


  • Ensure that health authorities take responsibility for steering the entire health sector
  • Plan a clear direction for the health sector
  • Effective Regulation through a combination of guidelines, mandates, and incentives
  • Effective policy dialogue with other sectors
  • Mechanism and institutional arrangements to channel donor funding and align it to country priorities
• Health Information Systems


  • Timely intelligence on progress in meeting health challenges and household challenges
  • Health financing
  • Trends and needs for HRH: on consumption of and access to pharmaceuticals, cost of technology, distribution
  • Access to care and quality of services
• Health Financing


  • A system to raise sufficient funds for health fairly
  • A system to pool financial resources
  • A system for efficient use of funds
• Human Resources for Health


  • Arrangement for sufficient number of the right mix
  • Proper payment
  • Regulatory mechanisms
  • Establishment of job-related norms
  • Mechanisms to ensure cooperation of all stakeholders
• Essential Medical Products and Technologies


  Universal access to healthcare is heavily dependent on access to affordable essential medicines, vaccines, diagnostics and health technologies of assured qualities
• Service Delivery


  • Network of close-to-client primary care
  • Provision of a package of benefits with a comprehensive and integrated range of clinical and public health interventions
  • Standards, norms and guidance to ensure access and essential dimensions of quality
  • Mechanisms to hold providers accountable for access and quality and to ensure consumer service
• Health


  The condition of being well
• Facilities


  Something that is built for specific purpose
• Primary Health Care


  • The first level of contact between individuals and families with the health system
  • Includes care for mother and child which included family planning, immunization, prevention of locally endemic diseases, treatment of common diseases or injuries, provision of essential facilities, health education, provision of food and nutrition and adequate supply of safe drinking water
• Secondary Health Care


  • A second tier of health system, in which patients from primary health care are referred to specialists in higher hospitals for treatment
  • Health centers include District hospitals and Community Health Centre at block level
  • Providers include cardiologists, urologists, dermatologists and other such specialists
• Tertiary Health Care


  • A third level of health system, in which specialized consultative care is provided usually on referral from primary and secondary medical care
  • Includes specialized Intensive Care Units, advanced diagnostic support services and specialized medical personnel
  • Services include cancer management, neurosurgery, cardiac surgery, plastic surgery, treatment for severe burns, advanced neonatology services, palliative and other complex medical and surgical interventions
• Types of Health Care Facilities

  • Hospital
  • Ambulatory Surgical Care
  • Doctor's Office
  • Urgent Care Clinic
  • Nursing Home
• Hospital


  • Provides short-term care for people with severe health issues resulting from injury, disease, or genetic anomaly
  • Open 24 hours a day, seven days a week
  • Brings together physicians in assorted specialties, a highly skilled nursing staff, various medical technicians, health care administrators and specialized equipment
  • Offers a wide range of services, including emergency care, scheduled surgeries, labor and delivery services, diagnostic testing, lab work, and patient education
• Ambulatory Surgical Care


  • Provides surgeries that are too complex to be done safely in a doctor's office but simple enough that patients generally do not require hospital care after undergoing them
  • Also referred to as outpatient or same day surgery centers
  • Offer a safe environment for the surgery and basic monitoring during the initial post-operation hours
  • Often a less expensive option than a hospital
• Doctor's Office


  • A medical facility where one or more doctors provide treatment to patients
  • Often focused on one type of medicine; the health providers operating there are either general practitioners or practice a common specialty
  • Provide routine care as well as treatment for acute conditions that do not require immediate intervention
  • In many cases, physician assistants and nurses also contribute to the delivery of patient care
• Urgent Care Clinic


  • Offer outpatient care immediately when patients are unable to get to their doctor's office or want basic medical care without an appointment
  • Also called walk-in clinics
  • Appropriate for issues like a stomach virus or a sprained ankle, not for complex health situations or true medical emergencies
• Nursing Home


  • Designed for patients who require constant care but do not need to be hospitalized and cannot be cared for at home
  • Have medical personal onsite 24 hours a day, including a physician, skilled nurses and therapists
  • Offer help with basic tasks that can be challenging for individuals with health issues, including feeding, bathing and dressing
• When seeking care, the facility that will best suit your needs depends on the patient's health situation, their insurance coverage and the type of care required
• Administrative staff, also known as health services managers and health care managers, direct the operations of health care facilities
• Nursing Home


  Designed for patients who require constant care but do not need to be hospitalized and cannot be cared for at home. Nursing homes have medical personal onsite 24 hours a day. A physician, skilled nurses and therapists are on staff to oversee and provide medical care, assistance with medications, and services like physical, speech and occupational therapy. In addition, the nursing home's staff offers help with basic tasks that can be challenging for individuals with health issues, including feeding, bathing and dressing.
• Administrative Staff


  Also known as health services managers and health care managers, direct the operation of hospitals, health systems and other types of organizations. Handle appointments, payments, patient files, health insurance companies, specialists, medical reps, etc. Make the doctor's office or hospital run. They are definitely an integral part of the team. Have responsibility for facilities, services, programs, staff, budgets, relations with other organizations and other management functions, depending on the type and size of the organization. Do not deal directly with patients on a day-to-day basis. Instead, they help to shape policy, make needed changes and lead our nation's health-related organizations in a way that serves individual patients by helping to improve the health care system.
• Therapist


  Are also specialists, but their services are different from those of doctors. They help people recover from illness or injury through working on physical aspects like speech, movement, coordination, etc. The main types of therapists include: Physical therapists - work with a person's muscles, movement, strength, etc. Occupational therapists - also offer rehabilitative types of services. They work with children with developmental or mental problems. Speech therapists - work with people who struggle with speech, language, or swallowing.
• Physicians/Doctors


  Play many important roles to improve health outcomes. These may include: Encouraging patients to take preventive measures for their health (e.g. stopping smoking, exercising regularly, eating a healthy diet), Promoting health initiatives to improve patient health, Screening patients for early signs of chronic diseases, such as heart disease and cancers, Educating patients about their health and providing relevant information about diseases and treatments, Counseling patients about their health and giving appropriate advice when applicable, Diagnosing and treating illnesses based on the presenting symptoms and relevant guidelines. Each general practitioner has a unique style in the way that they provide healthcare to their patients. For this reason, it is important for each individual to find a doctor that they know and can trust with decisions about their health.
• Nurses


  Common responsibilities of nurses: Health promotion, Illness prevention, Midwifery, antenatal and postnatal care, Treatment and care of sick people, usually in interdisciplinary teams, Rehabilitation and palliation, Community development, Population health and public health, Education, Research, Advocacy, Chronic illness management, Organizing clinical work environments, including infection control and risk management, Providing education and support to other providers such as doctors and administration staff, Problem solving in clinical or organizational contexts, Quality control, Being an agent of connectivity between different health disciplines and between patients and health services.
• Medical Lab Technologist


  Main role is to diagnose and prevent diseases. Are tasked with collecting samples and performing complex tests designed to analyze things like body fluids and tissue. Record and report both normal and abnormal findings. Examples of work they may perform include testing the glucose levels of pre-diabetic patients and analyzing tissue samples of cancer patients in order to look for abnormal cell growth. Also use computerized instruments, in conjunction with software programs, to perform many tests. Report the test data and enter it into the patient's electronic medical record. Sometimes, they may even discuss lab results and findings with health care providers, such as physicians.
• Pharmacist


  Supply medicines in accordance with a prescription (x) or, when legally permitted, sell them without a prescription (Non-Rx). Cover counselling of patients at the time of dispensing of prescription and non-prescription drugs, drug information to Health professionals, patients and the general public, and participation in health-promotion programmes. Clinical Pharmacist seeks to collect and integrate information about the patient's drug history, clarify the patient's understanding of the intended dosage regimen and method of administration, and advises the patient of drug - related precautions, and in some countries, monitors and evaluates the therapeutic response. Participate in arrangements for monitoring the utilization of drugs, such as practice research projects, and schemes to analyze prescriptions for the monitoring of adverse drug reactions.
• Health care resources


  All materials, personnel, facilities, funds, and anything else that can be used for providing health care services.
• Major flows of public health financing

  • DOH funds regional and apex hospitals
  • Local government units (LGUs) fund primary- and secondary-level care
• The public health financing system reportedly covers 92% of the population, 40% of which is the poor population and subsidized by the Government for premium payments.
• The share of facilities' bill covered by PhilHealth is on average 30% and has not gone beyond 52%.
• Financial protection is limited, resulting in a high level of household out-of-pocket (OOP) payment.
• Covered services are focused on inpatient care and inadequate outpatient care that only covers the poor members of PhilHealth.
• The implementation of case rate payment is different for poor patients as they are covered by the policy of no-balance billing, i.e. zero co-payment and 100% of facility bill covered by PhilHealth when they are admitted in government health facilities.
• Health care resources


  • Healthcare Facilities and Infrastructure
  • Healthcare Workforce
  • Medical Supplies and Pharmaceuticals
  • Health Information Systems
  • Community Resources
  • Research and Innovation
• Healthcare Facilities and Infrastructure


  The presence of adequate facilities and infrastructure is crucial for providing quality care. Assessments can include: Availability of hospitals, clinics, and primary care centers, Condition and cleanliness of facilities, Accessibility for people with disabilities, Availability of essential medical equipment and technology.
• Healthcare Workforce


  Adequacy of healthcare professionals such as doctors, nurses, and specialists, Their qualifications, certifications, and experience, Staff-to-patient ratio to ensure personalized care, Continuing education and training opportunities for healthcare staff.
• Medical Supplies and Pharmaceuticals

  Availability and accessibility of essential medicines and medical supplies, Quality control measures to ensure safety and efficacy, Proper storage and distribution systems to prevent shortages and wastage.
• Health Information Systems


  Electronic health records (EHR) and other information systems for storing patient data, Interoperability to facilitate communication between different healthcare providers, Privacy and security measures to protect patient information.