Cold War

• December 1941


  grand alliance formed
• Tehran conference


  Dec 1943
• potsdam conference


  just and august 1945
• USA use of atomic bomb

  august 1945
• Yalta confrence 


  feb 1945
• Novikov telegram - september 1946


  it said

  USA was determined to spread its influence

  USA was economically powerful

  USA should not be trusted
• The long Telegram - feb 1946


  it said..

  USSR was an enemy of the USA

  USSR wanted to spread its influence as far as possible

  Doomed failure to try and cooperate with USSR
• Marshall plan


  1947
• Marshall plan aims


  quick economic recovery in europe

  to create a market for American good to help US economy
• Marshall plan PLAN


  13 billion US dollars given to European countries who denounced communism

  Most countries accepted, except the east European countries controlled by the USSR
• consequences (good and bad) of the Marshall plan

  American economy benefitted

  Many countries recovered quickly

  showed USA were committed to help Europe

  Communism was prevented from spreading to west Europe

  Division between west and east Europe grew
• comecon was Stalins response to the Marshall plan
• Stalin saw the Truman doctrine as a major threat to communism
• Comecon was Stalin's version of the Marshall plan
• standard of living increased in West Berlin and decreased in east Berlin


  This made capitalism look successful and communism unsuccessful This made Stalin worried
• Berlin blockade started June 24th 1948 and ended May 12th 1949
• Berlin airlift started on the 26th of June 1948
• NATO established in 1949
• Warsaw Pact established in 1955
• Soviets tested their own atomic bombs in august 1949
• USA made hydrogen bomb in 1952, USSR responded and made one in 1953
• Stalin died in 1953 and Khrushchev took over
• destalinisation was popular in the USSR and the west
• Hungarian uprising


  October 1956

  23-28
• Hungarian uprising

  Hungarians demanded free elections

  soviet sent in tanks, Hungarians attacked the tanks

  Khrushchev agreed to make Nagy primenster for peace
• Nagy as priminster


  Made free elections and free speech

  wanted to leave the war-saw pact
• Khrushchev response to Nagy

  • other easter countries might followed so this concerned Khrushchev
  • nov 1956 - 6000 soviet tanks and 200000 soviet troops invaded Budapest
  • Hungarians resisted the invasion using guns and ambushing soviet tanks
  • took 2 weeks to crush the revolt
  • 700 soviet soldiers were killed
• berline wall


  1961
• Berlin Wall 1961

  east Germany closed the boarder with west Germany to reduce the brain drain
• between 1955-60 100000 people moved from east Berlin to west berlin
• Khrushchev ultimatum

  1958

  wanted to withdraw the western powers from Berlin in the next 6 months

  this causes tension as the west didn't want to withdraw
• consequences of the Berlin

  many families were now divided until the wall came down

  many East Germans didn't want to live under communism
• Berlin Wall can be seen as propaganda as a victory for the west
• Bay of pigs 1961

  • Cuban revolution angered USA
  • increases the communist threat
  • Kennedy authorised an invasion. They were defeated
  • cuba asked for military support from the USSR
• Cuban missle crisis

  • Khrushchev planned to plant missles in cuba
  • American U2 spy plane saw bases being built
  • Kennedy demanded it to stop and created a Us blockade , all soviet boats were stopped and searched
  • made a deal to remove missles if the Us agreed not to invade Cuba and remove missles from Turkey
• The limited test ban treaty


  Future test of nuclear weapons had to be done underground to avoid polluting air with nuclear radiation
• The outer space treaty


  It forbade countries from placing weapons of mass destruction in space
• Consequences for the USA - Cuban missle crisis

  • Kennedy proved he could stand up to the ussr
  • potential nuclear threat was removed
• Consequences for the USR - Cuban missile crisis

  • Cuba and ussr remained allies
  • USA removing missiles from turkey and Italy was a victory
  • senior soviets believed he handles the situation badly leading to his removal in 1964
• world consequences- Cuban missile crisis

  • A hot line was created between USA and ussr to avoid future misunderstandings
  • they agreed to the treaty’s