Biological molecules

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Imaan :)

Cards (92)

What is a molecule?
Two or more atoms chemically bonded together
What is a monomer? 
A single unit molecule which is used to make up larger molecules
What is a polymer
What is polarisation? 
An unequal distribution of charge caused by an uneven distribution of electrons.
What is covalent bonding? 
Strong chemical bond where atoms share electron pairs.
What is ionic bonding?
A moderate chemical bond formed by the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.
What is hydrogen bonding?
A weak intermolecular force between the delta positive charge of a hydrogen and the delta negative of an adjacent molecule (oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine).
What is a glycosidic bond?
A covalent bond between two sugar molecules, from a condensation reaction.
What is a peptide bond?
A covalent bond between two amino acids in a protein, from a condensation reaction.
What is an ester bond? 
An ester bond is a type of chemical bond formed between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol, resulting in the formation of an ester, from a condensation reaction.
What is a disulfide bridge? 
A covalent bond between two sulfur atoms, from a condensation reaction
What are hydrophobic interactions?
Forces that occur between two or more non-polar molecules when in a polar environment.
What are phosphodiester bonds?
Phosphodiester bonds are chemical bonds that connect nucleotides in DNA and RNA molecules, forming the backbone of the nucleic acid chain, is between a phosphate and sugar in a condensation reaction.
What is a monosaccharide? 
A monosaccharide is a simple sugar molecule that cannot be broken down into smaller sugar units.
What is an isomer?
An isomer is a molecule that has the same molecular formula as another molecule, but a different arrangement of atoms in space.
What is the arrangement of an alpha AND beta glucose isomer?
OH is above the carbon 1 atom in beta, but below carbon 1 in alpha.
A) OH is below the carbon 1 atom
B) OH is above the carbon 1 atom
What is the test for reducing sugars?
Heat with Benedict's reagent and an insoluable brick red percipitate forms.
Why is the test for reducing sugars most effective with Benedict's reagent?
Reduction reactions involves the gain of electrons so reducing sugars can reduce the chemicals such as in Benedict's reagent.
What is the test for non-reducing sugars?
Heat the non-reducing sugar with an acid and neutralise, test using a suitable indicator such as limus paper/Ph probe, and heat with Benedict's reagent.
Positive result is an insoluable brick red percipitate forms.
What are the main examples of monosaccharides?
Glucose, fructose, and galactose.
What are the main examples of a disaccharide?
Sucrose, lactose, maltose
What are common monomers?
sugars, amino acids, nucleotides and fatty acids.
What are common polymers?
Complex carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and DNA.
What is polymerisation?
A chemical reaction where monomer molecules join together to form polymer chains.
What is a condensation reaction?
A reaction where water is released from when two molecules bond.
What is a hydrolysis reaction?
A reaction which breaks the chemical bond between two molecules through the involvement of water.
What is a disaccharide?
Two sugar monomers bonded by a glycosidic bond through polymerisation.
What is a polysaccharide?
Long chain polymers made of many monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds formed through condensation reactions.
What is maltose?
Alpha glucose + alpha glucose
What is sucrose?
Alpha glucose + alpha fructose
What is alpha lactose?
Alpha glucose + beta galactose
What is beta lactose?
Beta glucose + alpha galactose
Alpha glucose + Alpha glucose makes?
Maltose
Alpha glucose + Alpha fructose makes?
Sucrose
Alpha glucose + beta galactose makes?
Alpha lactose
Beta glucose + Alpha galactose makes?
Beta lactose
What is the formula for single sugar molecules?
where n=1 to 7 $(CH_2O)n$
Why are polysaccharides good storage molecules?
They are:
large- so cannot pass the membrane
insoluble- so does not affect osmotic processes
What are the 3 main polysaccharides?
Starch, glycogen and cellulose.
What is the test for starch?
Add iodine solution
Positive result is a blue-black stain