health and social care 1

• Definition of a stroke


  When the blood supply is cut off/interrupted to the brain

  
• Stroke causes [5]


  Blood clot forms in main artery of the brain

  And therefore stops the flow of blood to the brain

  Blood clot/air bubble/fat globule forms in a blood vessel and is carried to the brain

  Blood vessels burst inside the brain

  Blood vessel on the surface to the brain bleeds into the area between the brain and skull

  
• Stroke treatment [8]


  Clot busting medicine

  Aspirin- prevents clotting

  ACE inhibitors- lowers blood pressure

  Anticoagulants (warfarin)- reduce blood clotting

  Statins- reduce blood cholesterol level

  Carotid endarterectomy surgery (CES)- surgery to open up carotid artery to remove fatty deposits

  Craniotomy- surgery to remove blood from brain

  Being put on a ventilator
• Stroke PCP [13]


  A&E

  MRI

  Treatment (examples)

  See a neurologist/specialist stroke nurse

  Asses lifestyle choices

  Given advice

  Rehabilitation

  See the OT

  See the physio

  Ongoing monitoring by GP of blood pressure and cholesterol

  Informed choices

  Dignity maintained

  Patient at centre of care
• Stroke P of PIESF [6]

  Daily tasks become difficult

  Visual impairment

  Stiff muscles

  Loss of speech

  Fatigue

  Paralysis
• Stroke I of PIESF [6]

  Memory loss

  Only have a STM

  Find it hard to understand

  And process new things

  Hard to learn new things

  Short concentration
• Stroke E of PIESF [4]

  Depression

  Frustration

  Embarrassment

  Helplessness
• Stroke S of PIESF [5]

  Lack of a social life

  Strain on relationships

  Strain on friendships

  Difficult to communicate

  Socially isolated
• Stroke F of PIESF [6]

  May have to pay for physio

  Pay for stroke rehabilitation group

  Hire a carer

  Reliant on benefits

  Lose job

  May have to move/adapt living arrangements
• Breast cancer symptoms [6]

  Blood/discharge from nipple

  Sudden inverted nipple

  Rash/crusting on/around nipple

  Unusual change in breast size

  Sore breasts

  Lump in armpit/breast
• Breast cancer causes [12]

  Being tall

  Not having children

  Increase in age

  Exposure to radiation

  Being overweight

  Family history

  Genetic mutations

  Smoking (wasn't in mark scheme for last year)

  Previously having breast cancer

  Breast density

  Exposure to oestrogen

  Excessive alcohol
• Breast cancer diagnostics [8]

  Mammogram

  Blood test

  Breast exam

  Breast biopsy

  Genetic testing

  Ultrasound

  MRI

  CT scan
• Non invasive breast cancer [4]


  Found in the ducts of the breast

  Has not developed the ability to spread outside of the breast

  This form is rarely shown as a lump in the breast

  Usually found on a mammogram
• Invasive breast cancer [2]

  Has the ability to spread outside of the breast

  Its most common form develops in the cells that line the breast ducts
• Breast cancer advice [5]

  Lose weight

  By changing diet

  Stop smoking

  Stop drinking

  Stop taking pills which contains oestrogen
• Breast cancer treatments [6]

  (Treatment depends on stage and grade of cancer, general health, age and whether the patient has been through menopause)

  Lumpectomy- surgery to remove the lump and preserve the breast

  Mastectomy- surgery to remove the breast

  Chemotherapy- the use of toxic drugs to kill cancer cells, can be given before surgery to reduce tumours

  Radiotherapy- controlled doses of radiation to kill cancer cells, generally given after surgery and chemo

  Hormone treatment- given to reduce the effects of other hormones, this is used when general health is poor

  Biological therapy- works by stopping the effects of the protein HER2 and by helping your immune system to fight off cancer cells
• Breast cancer P of PIESF [4]

  Fatigue

  Temperature imbalance

  Weight loss

  Loss of appetite
• Breast cancer I of PIESF [1]

  May miss time off school/work training
• Breast cancer E of PIESF [5]

  Depression

  Feeling drained

  Upset

  Feeling less of a woman

  Doubtful on survival rate
• Breast cancer S of PIESF [4]

  Not being able go and socialise

  Will not see friends/work colleges

  Support from friends/family/health professionals

  Support groups
• Breast cancer F of PIESF [4]

  Taking a lot of time off work

  For treatment

  And for check up appointments

  Reliant on benefits
• Breast cancer PCP [15]


  GP

  Patient history/family history

  Breast exam

  Referred to hospital/breast clinic

  Seen by breast nurse

  Diagnostics (examples)

  Test results given within a week

  Test to determine whether cancer has spread to armpit lymph nodes

  Treatment (examples)

  Follow up appointments

  Regular scans (mammograms)

  Regular blood tests and weight checks

  Informed choices

  Patient at centre of care

  Dignity maintained
• Breast cancer definition


  Cancer of the breast tissue
• Leukaemia definition


  Cancer of the white blood cells
• Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia/chronic myeloid leukaemia [4]

  White blood cells are abnormal

  And don't function as well as they should

  These symptoms develop slowly

  The decline is gradual
• Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia/acute myeloid leukaemia [4]


  Immature white blood cells accumulate in the body

  And disrupt function of tissues and organs

  Progresses rapidly

  Swift decline
• Leukaemia causes [8]


  Radiation exposure

  Smoking

  Treatment for cancer (chemo)

  Occupation exposure to some chemicals- benzeneand formaldehyde, and those working in the rubber production industry

  Down's syndrome

  Ageing

  Gender- men have a higher risk

  Genetics- especially chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
• Leukaemia advice [7]


  If finding it difficult to eat have high calorie foods and high protein drinks

  Gentle exercise (walking)

  Adjustments to work activities/hours (if necessary)

  Taking part in complementary therapies (yoga)

  Stop smoking

  Cut down drinking

  Rest
• Leukaemia symptoms [11]


  Tiredness

  Fever/night sweats/high temperature

  Breathlessness

  Bone/joint pain

  Unusual bleeding/bruising

  Persistent infection

  Weight loss/loss of appetite

  Pale skin

  Raised bumps under the skin

  Swollen lymph nodes/glands

  Swelling/tenderness on the left side of the abdomen
• Leukaemia treatments [5]


  Blood transfusion

  Placed in a sterile environment

  Antibiotics

  Chemotherapy

  Bone marrow/stem cell transplant
• Leukaemia PCP [14]


  GP

  Patient history for symptoms and family history

  Weight and blood taken by a phlebotomist

  Check for enlarged lymph nodes in neck, underarm and groin

  Check for enlarged spleen or liver

  Do a complete blood count (CBC) and a blood chemistry

  Referred to oncology department at the hospital

  Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy

  Patient at centre of care

  Patient treated with respect and dignity

  Lifestyle changes (examples)

  Treatment (examples)

  Follow up appointments
• Leukaemia P of PIESF [4]

  Tiredness

  Weight loss

  Constant illness

  Sore bruising
• Leukaemia I of PIESF [1]


  Time off work training because of appointments and treatment
• Leukaemia E of PIESF [5]

  Stressed

  Anxious about survival rate

  Shock

  Anger

  Fear
• Leukaemia S of PIESF [3]


  Time lost with friends/family/work colleges

  Support groups

  Support from friends/family/medical professionals
• Leukaemia F of PIESF [2]


  Time off work for treatment/follow up appointments

  Reliant on benefits
• Definition of asthma [1]


  Inflammation of the airways
• Asthma symptoms [5]


  Breathlessness

  Wheezing

  Hard to exercise (especially in cold weather)

  Tight chest

  Coughing (early in morn/during night)
• Asthma triggers [7]


  Exercise

  Chest infection

  Dust/pollen/fur

  Pollution

  Stress

  Mould spores

  Tobacco smoke
• Asthma treatment (inhalers) [12]

  Spacer for children

  
  

  Blue inhaler (sulbutamol):

  Reliever

  Taken when symptoms occur

  Relaxes muscles

  
  

  Brown inhaler (corticosteroid):

  Reduce amount of inflammation in airways

  Prevents attack

  Taken everyday to prevent symptoms

  Recommended to take when:

  Asthma symptoms seen more than twice a week

  Cause sleepless nights