tcw lesson 1-6

• Stages of Development


  • Hunting and Gathering
  • Horticultural and Pastoral
  • Agrarian Societies
  • Industrial Revolution
  • Industrial Societies
  • Post Industrial
• Hunting and Gathering


  • Only society until 12,000 years ago
  • Common several centuries ago
  • Threatened with extinction
  • Primitive weapons
  • 25-40 people in groups
  • Nomadic
  • Family centered
  • Specialization limited to age and sex
  • Little to none social inequality
  • Examples: Bushmen of southwestern africa, Aborigines of Australia, Sentinelese of India
• Horticultural and Pastoral


  • 12,000 years ago, decreasing numbers after about 3000 BCE
  • Use hand tools for cultivating plants
  • Based on domestication of animals
  • Several hundred people
  • Horticultural: small permanent settlement
  • Pastoral: started as nomadic
  • Family centered
  • Religious system begins to develop
  • Modern social inequality
  • Examples: Middle Eastern Societies about 5000 BCE, Yanomami in South africa, Igorot of Benguet
• Pastoral


  • A nomadic group of people who travel a herd of domesticated animals
  • Rely on meat and dairy to survive
  • Herbivores: sheep, buffalo, camels, reindeer, goats or cattle
  • Deserts Areas or northern climates where it's difficult to grow crops
• Agrarian Societies


  • 5,000 years ago, large decreasing numbers today
  • Animal-drawn Plow
  • Millions of people
  • People Settled
  • Family loses significance as distinct religious, political and economical system emerge
  • Extensive specialization
  • Increased social inequality
  • Examples: Egypt during construction of pyramid, Medieval Period (until before french revolution)

  
• Cradles of Civilization


  • Control over rivers
  • Centralization
  • High Population
  • Coordination of the Population
  • Control over the population
  • Establishment of religious system
  • A large division of Labor
• Industrial Revolution


  • Latter half of the 18th century
  • Transformed largely rural, agrarian societies in Europe into industrializes, urban ones
  • Machinery: replacement of manpower and animal power to machines
  • Changes in the production of goods: from handmade to machine, home production to in factories, small amount to mass production, technology to speed up production and meet human needs
• Causes & Preconditions of Industrial Revolution in 18th Century England

  • Natural Resources
  • Geography
  • Investment Capital
  • Labor Supply
  • Increased Demands
  • Transportation and Colonial Empire
  • Agricultural changes
  • Role of Government
  • Inventions
• Industrial Societies


  Society driven by the use of technology to enable mass production, supporting a large population with a high capacity for division of labor
• Post Industrial


  The stage of society development when the service sector generates more wealth than the manufacturing sector of the economy
• Functionalism


  • Sees society with interrelated parts that work together to meet the needs in the society
  • Inspired by Herbert Spencer's perspective that the human body and society share similarities, both are working together to keep one's functioning
  • Emile Durkheim applied Spencer's theory and explained how society changes and survives over time
• Durkheim's Analysis of Different Stages of Societies

  • Population
  • Amount of Division of Labor
  • Solidarity
  • Morality
  • Laws
• Population in Different Stages of Societies

  • Hunter and Gatherer: Around 25-40 people in a group
  • Horticultural and Pastoral: Population increased due to settlement, 100 to 1000s of people
  • Agrarian: Increased human population to a few millions of people
  • Industrial: Increased to several hundred millions of people
• Division of Labor in Different Stages of Societies

  • Hunting and Gathering: Hunter and Gatherer, people do almost the same thing, and are almost equal
  • Horticultural and Pastoral: Creation of specializations
  • Agrarian: Extensive specialization given of new inventions, creation of positions
  • Industrial: Creation of technologies and differentiation of fields and specialization in academe field
• Solidarity


  • Evolved from mechanical to organic solidarity
  • Mechanical Solidarity: People bind because of their similarities, they also almost do the same work
  • Organic Solidarity: Differences resulted in interdependence, people are forced to depend on each other due to differentiation of skills because of specializations
• Morality in Different Stages of Societies

  • Collective Consciousness: Has only one notion of what is right or wrong
  • Collective Representations: Groups or collectives have different sets of norms and values
• Laws in Different Stages of Societies

  • Repressive Laws: A mistake of one is a mistake of all, harsh method of punishment
  • Restitutive Laws: Laws are enacted by specialized agencies to handle situations, only one person at fault is liable, punishments are more humane
• Durkheim's "Pathologies"


  • Anomic Division of Labor: Lack of Collective Conscience due to the Anomic Division of Labor, bond created by D.O.L. are meaningless as we only meet and interact with people because of our job, state of normlessness, lack of normal ethical or social standards, and a state where expectations are unclear
  • Forced Division of Labor: Some people in their positions are not the right people, positions are given not by virtue of meritocracy
• Historical Dialectical Materialism


  • Methodology that focused on human societies and its development through history; history is the result of material conditions rather than ideas
  • Theory of history; implies that the union of society's forces of production & relations of production that determines society's organization and development
• Forces of Production


  Physical & Non-financial inputs used in the production of economic value, e.g. raw materials, facilities, machinery and tools
• Relations of Production


  Relationship between who own the means of production and those who do not, e.g. Slave owners own the slaves and environment's natural resources, while slaves workers for the slave owners. & Capitalists owns materials used in production of goods and services, proletariat give their labor to the capitalists in exchange for money/wage
• Marx studied the different types development of societies and analyzed about the history of how forces and relations of production changed over the different types of societies

  
• Hegel's Idealism


  Believes that "ideas" can move anything, and in an "absolute spirit" that determines how "ideas" move
• Dialectics


  The interrelatedness of things, Marx adapted the Hegelian Dialectic into his arguments regarding materialism

  
• Feuerbach's Materialism


  Believes that the MATERIAL EXISTENCE OF THINGS produces everything, ideas are offshoots of what already exists
• Marx observed that the industry's riches were concentrated in the hands of a few aristocrats and industrialists, while the majority worked long hours for low wages, often living in slums or streets, often dying from poor nutrition
• Capitalists


  People who own and operate factories and other business in pursuit of profits, owns the means of production
• Proletarians


  People who sell their productive labor for wages
• Social Conflict


  Struggle between segments of society over valued resources, the most significant form is class struggle
• Class Struggle


  Conflict between entire classes over the distribution of a society's wealth and power, conflict will end only when capitalism ends
• Alienation


  Experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness, workers are dehumanized by their jobs and find little satisfaction
• Conflict


  According to Marx, social conflict in the industrial type of society, the struggle between segments of society over valued resources
• Valued Resources


  Any resource that is limited, e.g. Limited slots in a prestigious university
• Class Struggle


  Conflict between entire classes over the distribution of a society's wealth and power
• Conflict will end only when capitalism ends
• To keep profits high, capitalists keep wages low
• Based to Marx, conflict between capitalists and workers is inevitable
• Alienation


  Experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness
• 4 Types of Alienation

  • Alienation from act of working
  • Alienation from products of work
  • Alienation from other workers
  • Alienation from human potential/species-being
• Theory of Value


  Value of any commodity is roughly proportional to the amount of labor