Henry vii

• what religion was England in the 1500s?

  roman catholic
• why did Henry VII marry Catherine of aragon?

  it strengthened England's alliance with Spain
• What was Henry's character like?

  powerful athlete

  intelligent

  talented musician

  deeply religous
• what were his aims?

  win glory and power for himself and England

  prevent rebellions

  have sons to secure the line of succession
• what were strengths of Henry VIII monarchy?

  popular with the people of England

  inherited a rich country

  England was stable

  had a team of experienced advisers
• what were weaknesses of Henry VIII monarchy?

  he had little experience of government

  attitude to kingship was simplistic

  he had a big ego

  he liked high risk sports which threatened his health
• what was the hierarchy in tudor society?

  1. monarch and church

  2. nobility

  3.gentry and merchants

  4. skilled craftsmen

  5. tenant farmers

  6. unskilled workers

  7. vagrants
• What was Parliament?


  made up of house of lords and house of commons, passed laws requested by the king
• What was a Justice of the peace?

  Large landowners who kept law and order in their local areas. Unpaid and reported to privy council
• what was the royal household?

  • Monarch and family served by range of ppl, responsible for ruler's domestic needs

  • Kitchens, laundries and gardens with menial servants controlled by high-level officials (Board of Green Cloth) → grows and shrinks dependent on personal needs pf monarch and family

  • Occasional attempts to reform House and reduce expenses: Wolsey issues Eltham Ordnances in 1526, unsuccessful due to lack of control over appointments/desires of King
• What was the Royal Court?

  Centre of political power.

  Whitehall Palace in London.

  Ladies -in-waiting,chief advisers,government officials and servants lived with the Queen.

  Used patronage to keep keen and young nobbles loyal.
• what was the royal council?


  A group of advisers chosen by the king and selected mainly from the nobility and the church
• what was the privy chamber?

  comprising the close personal servants of the monarch; its members had direct access to the monarch and therefore could influence him or her more directly
• what was the lord chancellor?

  responsible for advising the king on all matters
• what was the archbishop of york?

  second most important religious appointment in England
• what was a cardinal?


  a senior leader in the roman catholic church
• who was Thomas Wolsey?

  Henry's first chief minister, responsible for most day to day running of government
• what were Wolsey's domestic reforms?

  1. justice

  2. enclosures

  3. finance

  4. eltham ordinances
• what was the amicable grant?

  Wolsey trying to avoid using parliament to collect a tax. It was an incredibly unpopular answer that sparked a revolt.
• what problems did the amicable grant solve?

  1525 Henry wanted to invade France but didn't have the funds
• what was the treaty of london?

  A settlement of universal peace put together by Wolsey which seemed to put England at the centre of diplomatic affairs.
• what was the outcome of the treaty of london?


  Henry was seen as a European peace maker
• what was the field of cloth and gold?

  Extravagant and expensive diplomatic encounter between France and England - Henry spent about £15,000 but nothing was really achieved
• what was the outcome of the war with france 1522-25?

  the war was a disaster it cost £430,000 and achieved nothing
• what was the treaty of more?

  Negotiations with France, Henry gave up his claims to the French Throne. Francis was released from imprisonment.
• what were the outcomes of the treaty of more?

  Henry agreed to give up any claims on the french land in return for an annual payment from Francis I
• what was the treaty of westminster?

  wolsey created the league of cognac for france, the pope , venice and florence to unite against Charles v
• what were the outcomes of the treaty of westminster?

  Wolsey signed the treaty of westminster with France to threaten Charles V with war if he didn't improve relations with European powers
• what was the war with Charles V 1528?

  Charles was unwilling to help Henry with his annulment

  Charles had invaded and taken control of the papal states, holding the pope hostage
• What are the Papal States?


  states ruled by the pope
• what were the outcomes of the war with Charles?

  England sent no troops when France and England declared war on Spain which made Henry look weak
• what was the treaty of cambrai?

  Signed in Augsut 1529 making peace between Francis and Charles V
• what were the outcomes of the treaty of cambrai?

  England were excluded from the treaty and no longer treated as equals
• Why did Henry want an annulment?

  23 years of marriage but no son

  Had illegitimate son Henry Fitzroy but died in 1527
• how did Wolsey use evidence from the bible to try and get the annulment

  interpretation of Leviticus showed the marriage should've never been allowed
• who was thomas cromwell?


  Henry's chief minister
• why did Henry VII campaign against the pope?

  money

  to have the power to grant annulments
• What was the Act of Succession?

  -passed in April 1534

  - declared that Henry's marriage to Catherine was void

  -the succession should be vested in Henry's children with Anne

  -to deny the validity of the marriage was treasonable
• What was the Treason Act?


  -passed in November 1534

  -stated that treason could be committed by the spoken word, deed or writing
• What was the Submission of the Clergy?

  The formal surrender of the Church's independent law-making function