Warfare through time

• How big were armies normally in 1250?

  5000-10000
• How did the amount of infantry compare to the amount of cavalry in 1250?

  Twice as many infantry
• How much of the cavalry was formed by nobility in 1250?

  30%
• What was limited warfare?

  Avoiding battle due to resources and power
• What were the two tactics for cavalry in 1250?

  Mounted charge & Rout and Chase
• What did infantry use to defend against cavalry attacks in 1250?

  Shield wall, Archers, mêlée
• What was used to recruit cavalry in 1250?

  Feudal system
• When was the Statute of Winchester made?

  1285
• What was the Assize or Arms?

  People gave military support to the King based on their wealth
• What was scrutage?


  Payment instead of military service
• What were mercenaries?


  Hired soldiers from captains
• What was the Royal Household made of?

  Permanent troops serving the King
• Why did people join the army as infantry in 1250?

  Loyalty, plunder, adventure
• How did the Assize of Arms recruit infantry?

  All men had to serve 40 days in the army a year
• What was the job of Commissioners of Array?

  Inspect weapons and organise recruitment
• What were schiltrons?


  Natural defensive formations using pikes
• How was the longbow better than the crossbow?

  Faster rate of fire (10-15 a minute), more distance (200m), more powerful
• How did the amount of infantry compare to the amount of cavalry in 1400?

  3 times more infantry than cavalry
• When were suits of armour used from?

  1420
• When was the cannon first used?

  1320
• What were the first cannons made of?

  Wooden barrels, stone balls
• When did cannons start improving more?

  1430
• How were cannons improved between 1430 and 1500?

  Metal balls, longer barrel, invention on trunnions, specialist cannons were made
• When were firearms developed?

  1400s
• Why did the mounted knight decline?

  Pikes, longbows, cannons
• How were mounted knights used differently in 1250-1500?

  Specialist tasks, dismounted in Battle, chased fleeing troops
• How was archery practiced?

  Archery practice happened on holidays, Assize of Arms made people train in their weapons
• What was requisitioning?


  Formal order goods to be handed over to military forces
• What was purveyance?


  Requisitioning of food and fodder from civilians
• Why did taxation increase?


  Castles had to be built, supplies had to be bought, troops had to be paid
• What was given in return for requisitioned goods?

  Wooden 'tallies
• How were towns affected by warfare?

  Raids, plunder, ransoms and sieges
• When was the Battle of Falkirk?

  22nd July 1298
• How were men recruited in the Battle of Falkirk?


  Feudal Service & Assize of Arms
• What caused the Battle of Falkirk?

  Scottish Uprising led by William Wallace
• What was the ratio of King Edward's army in the Battle of Falkirk?

  1:6 (2,000 cavalry, 12,000 infantry)
• How did King Edward I win the Battle of Falkirk?

  Longbows broke up the Scottish schiltrons
• Why did Wallace fail to win the Battle of Falkirk?

  Didn't protect flanks, had smaller army
• When was the Battle of Agincourt?

  25th October 1415
• How were Henry V's men recruited?

  Indentures