Gcse PE

• Plane of movement


  An imaginary flat surface which runs through the body, used to describe the direction of a movement
• Planes of movement


  • Sagittal plane
  • Transverse plane
  • Frontal plane
• Sagittal plane


  Divides the body into left and right sides
• Transverse plane


  Divides the body into top and bottom
• Frontal plane


  Divides the body's front and back
• Axis of movement


  An imaginary line which runs through the body, around which a body part (or whole body) moves
• Axes of movement


  • Sagittal axis
  • Longitudinal axis
  • Transverse axis
• Sagittal axis


  Runs through the body from front to back
• Longitudinal axis


  Runs through the body from top to bottom
• Transverse axis


  Runs through the body from left to right
• Movement types and their plane and axis


  • Flexion/extension (sagittal plane, transverse axis)
  • Abduction/adduction (frontal plane, sagittal axis)
  • Rotation (transverse plane, longitudinal axis)
• Lever system


  When the muscular and skeletal systems work together to create systems that help us move
• Components of a lever system


  • Lever
  • Fulcrum
  • Effort
  • Load
• First class lever


  • Load and effort are at opposite ends of the lever, fulcrum is in the middle
• Second class lever


  • Fulcrum and effort are at opposite ends of the lever, load is in the middle
• Third class lever


  • Fulcrum and load are at opposite ends of the lever, effort is in the middle
• Mechanical advantage


  Measure of how efficient a lever is at moving heavy loads, depends on the effort arm and weight arm
• Levers with high mechanical advantage (>1) can move large loads with small effort but only short distances at low speeds
• Levers with low mechanical advantage (<1) require large effort to move small loads but can move them quickly through a large range
• First class levers can have high or low mechanical advantage depending on the relative positions of the fulcrum, effort and load