Mitosis

• Mitosis


  A type of asexual cell division that results in two daughter cells that are identical in number of chromosomes and genetic information to each other and to the parent cell
• Mitosis


  • Ensures the daughter cells receive the correct number of chromosomes with an exact copy of information from the parent cell
  • Maintains genetic continuity, as a complete copy of hereditary information is transferred to every new cell produced in mitosis
• Interphase


  A special stage prior to the four stages of mitosis, divided into G1, S, and G2 phases
• Interphase


  1. Cell is increasing in size

  2. Chromosomes are condensing

  3. DNA is being replicated

  4. Chromosomes are being duplicated
• Cells spend most of their life in interphase
• Mitosis


  1. Prophase

  2. Metaphase

  3. Anaphase

  4. Telophase
• Prophase


  • Centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell
  • Nuclear envelope breaks down
  • Chromosomes condense and become visible
  • Mitotic spindle forms
• Metaphase


  • Chromosomes align at the center of the cell
• Anaphase


  • Chromatids are pulled apart and move to opposite poles of the cell
• Telophase


  • Nuclear envelope reforms around the chromosomes at each pole
  • Chromosomes decondense
• Interphase G1 phase


  The first phase of interphase, where the cell grows in size and synthesizes proteins and other molecules needed for growth.
• Interphase S phase


  The synthesis phase of interphase, where the cell replicates its DNA to ensure that each new cell produced during mitosis will have a complete set of genetic material.
• Interphase G2 phase


  The second growth phase of interphase, where the cell continues to grow and prepares for mitosis by producing more organelles and other cellular components.
• Condensation


  The process of chromosomes becoming more compact and dense during interphase in preparation for cell division.
• Decondensation


  The process of chromosomes returning to their less compact state after cell division, allowing for proper gene expression and DNA replication.
• Prometaphase


  The stage of mitosis following prophase, during which the nuclear membrane is completely broken down and the mitotic spindle begins to form. The spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes at their centromeres.
• Prophase


  The first stage of mitosis, during which the chromosomes condense and become visible, and the nuclear membrane begins to break down.
• Metaphase


  The stage of mitosis following prometaphase, during which the chromosomes align at the metaphase plate, an imaginary line equidistant from the two spindle poles.
• Anaphase


  The stage of mitosis following metaphase, during which the sister chromatids of each chromosome separate at the centromeres and are pulled towards opposite poles of the cell by the spindle fibers.
• Telophase


  The final stage of mitosis, during which the chromosomes reach the poles and begin to decondense. The nuclear membrane reforms, and the spindle fibers disassemble.
• Mitosis


  A type of asexual cell division that results in two daughter cells that are identical in number of chromosomes and genetic information to each other and to the parent cell.
• For all organisms, there is a chromosome number characteristic for each species
• Chromosome numbers


  • Humans: 46 chromosomes in every body cell (except eggs and sperm)
  • Cabbage: 18 chromosomes
  • Radish: 200 chromosomes
  • Frog: 8 chromosomes
• Homologous pairs


  Each chromosome in a pair carries the genetic information for the same hereditary trait, with the specific information being coded for at identical locations
• Homologous pairs of chromosomes are structurally identical but not genetically identical
• Maternal chromosome


  Chromosome inherited from the mother
• Paternal chromosome


  Chromosome inherited from the father
• Diploid number


  The complete set of homologous chromosomes
• For normal humans, the diploid number is 46 or 23 pairs
• Haploid number


  Half the diploid number, found in egg or sperm cells
• At fertilization, the offspring (zygote) must have the full diploid number, with half the chromosomes from the mother and half from the father
• Humans made up of cells
• Orgamism grows by making more cells
• Cancer cells that divide to frequently (uncontrolled)
• Interphase cells grow, replicate DNA, cell functions
• humans have 46 onroma
• Chromosome are pulled away.
• Chromosomes are lined up in middle
• Not in pairs like metaphase 1 & in Anaphase 2 chromatides are being pulled away
• sexual reproduction


  • duplications of chromosomes
  • number of chomosomes are halved
  • crossing over between nomologous and chromosomes
  • daughter cells arnt identical to Parent cells
  • gametes produced
  • cynapsis occurs in prophase