GLACIERS

• Freeze-thaw weathering


  1. Water collects in cracks

  2. At night water freezes and expands

  3. Cracks grow

  4. Temperatures rise - ice melts

  5. More water seeps into rocks

  6. More freeze-thaw, fragments of rock break off
• Importance of freeze-thaw weathering

  • Helps to shape jagged glacial landscapes
  • It weakens rocks so they are more erodible
  • Angular rocks collect at bottom - good for erosion
• Attrition


  Causes rock fragments to become smaller and more rounded
• Abrasion


  Sandpaper effect, rocks melt into ice and scrape along glacial floor, Striations (large scratches) can often be seen
• Plucking

  Meltwater freezes and bonds to rocks on surface, as glacier moves sediment is plucked away, leaves jagged surface
• Corries

  Large hollowed depressions, after glacial period ends it fills with water (tarn)
• Corrie formation

  1. Snow accumulates and condenses

  2. Plucking at backwall

  3. Abrasions at bottom

  4. Rotational slip causes bowl shape
• Arêtes


  When two corries form back to back, creates a sharp ledge
• Pyramidal peak

  Two or more corries back to back, forms a summit
• Transportation

  Rock fragments dislodged by freeze-thaw and eroded then transported, the sediment (moraine) can be transported in on or below ice, Bulldozing - as the glacier moves it pushes debris ahead
• Erratics


  Boulders or rocks completely out of place, carried by glaciers, scientists use to track glacial movement
• Deposition

  Occurs at snout of glacier where ice melts, as glacier retreats it leaves behind jagged rocks (till), with no water to move it is poorly sorted, meltwater carries away some
• Drumlins

  Smooth egg shaped hills (10m) in glacial troughs, formed by depositional moraine, streamlined by ice, indicated direction of glacial movement
• Ground moraine

  Material dragged underneath glacier, left when melted, uneven hilly ground
• Lateral moraine


  Material forms at edge of glacier - scree that has fallen off valley sides, once melted form a low ridge and shallow slopes
• Medial moraine

  Tributary glacier join main - produces single glacier, once melted moraine forms ridge
• Terminal moraine

  Material piles up at back of glacier, forms high ridge (10m)
• Glacial trough

  Steep sided, wide, flat bottomed valley, forms when rivers become glaciated, erosion via abrasion form U shaped troughs
• Truncated spurs


  Cliff like edges, forms what ridges of land stick out into main valley
• Hanging valleys

  Smaller tributary valleys above main glaciated trough
• Ribbon lakes


  Long narrow lakes, tens of meters deep
• Physical features of the Lake District

  • Lakes - Windermere and Coniston Water
  • Adventure activities - abseiling, gorge walking, climbing
  • Landscapes - peaks like Helvellyn and Scafell Pike
• Cultural features of the Lake District

  • Literary inspiration - William Wordsworth
  • Beatrix Potter - house is a national trust site
  • Scenic towns - Ambleside and Grasmere
• Economic importance of the Lake District

  • Tourism spend nearly £1 million
  • Thousands work in tourism industry
  • New businesses for adventure provide jobs
• Traffic congestion in the Lake District

  14 million arrival tourists vs 40,000 locals, 90% arrive by car for a day
• Managing traffic congestion in the Lake District

  • More dual carriageways built
  • More transport hubs, integrate public transport
  • Park and ride bus schemes
  • Traffic calming measures in villages
• Footpath erosion in the Lake District

  4 million people walk at least 6km annually
• Managing footpath erosion in the Lake District

  • Upland path landscape restoration project repair paths, create steps, resurface paths
  • "Fix the Fells" a funded organisation that use natural methods to restore paths
• The Treetop Trek zipline


  Proposed in 2014, four parallel ziplines run from disused mine to nearby fields (similar to Snowdonia)
• Pros of the Treetop Trek zipline

  • Tourism - money spent - economic benefit
  • Education on climate and nature issues
• Cons of the Treetop Trek zipline

  • Sound pollution
  • General pollution
  • Destruction of landscape
  • Destruction of heritage
• Wind turbines at the Kirkstone Pass Inn


  Build 3 16m tall wind turbines - was approved
• Pros of the wind turbines

  • Brings clean energy to a diesel run area
• Cons of the wind turbines

  • Disrupts landscape
• Farming in the Lake District

  • Upland - glaciers made soil acidic, bad for farming good for grazing, sheep can tolerate weather
  • Valleys - soil thick due to deposition, good for farming, grow cereals, potatoes, and grass
  • Lowland - thick layer of fertile till, ideal for farmland, flattish and warmer climate
• Forestry in the Lake District

  Economically unviable soil used for conifers, they can grow in acidic soil, once felled they are used for paper and timber
• Quarrying in the Lake District


  Upland areas
• Path landscape restoration project

  1. Repair paths

  2. Create steps

  3. Resurface paths
• "Fix the fells"


  A funded organisation that use natural methods to restore paths
• Treetop trek zipline

  Proposed in 2014, four parallel ziplines run from disused mine to nearby fields (similar to Snowdonia)