Week 2 - Anatomy and Physiology of Speech and Language

• What is the overlaid function of the respiratory system?

  to produce voice (phonation) and speech
• What is the biological function of the respiratory system?

  to supply freshly oxygenate blood to every cell in our body and to rid our bodies of carbon dioxide (CO2) waste that is produced when we inhale oxygen
• Structures of Respiration


  : The bones in the chest (ribcage and sternum/breastbone)provide protection and a framework for the respiratory system
• Structures of Respiration


  : The thoracic cavity (thorax)contains the principal organs of respiration (Lungs) and circulation (heart)
• During quiet breathing, _________ air enters through the nostrils and flows into the nose and nasal cavities, where it is warmed, moistened, and filtered. From the nasal cavities, the air passes through the larynx and flows past the open vocal folds

  inspired
• How many pairs of muscles are involved in the process of inspiration and expiration?

  26
• The ____________ is the primary muscle involved with respiration.

  diaphragm
• During inspiration, the diaphragm moves ________ and __________ the volume in the thoracic cavity; during expiration, it moves ________ and ________ the volume.

  down; increases - up; decreases
• What is the overlaid function of the vocal folds?

  to produce voice
• What is the biological function of the vocal folds?

  to prevent food and liquid from entering the trachea and lungs
• The space between the open vocal folds is referred to as the __________.

  glottis
• During normal breathing, the vocal folds are at rest and partially what?

  abducted
• When we want to phonate, the vocal folds must what?

  adduct
• What are the 5 speech systems?

  1. respiratory system,

  2. phonatory system,

  3. resonatory system,

  4. articulatory system, and

  5. the nervous system.
• Axons


  the cellular extension of a neuron that carries impulses away from the cell body
• Dendrite


  a branching extension of a neuron that carries impulses to the cell body
• Synapse


  the junction at which two axons or dendrites communicate with each other
• The CNS is composed of what?

  the brain, cerebellum, brain stem, and spinal cord
• The brain is divided into _____ and ______ cerebral hemispheres

  left; right
• What are the four lobes of the brain?

  frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital
• What is the left hemisphere of the brain important for?

  receptive and expressive language and speech, for processing rapidly changing information, and for perceiving and analyzing information in a sequential manner
• What is the right hemisphere of the brain important for?

  attention, orientation, emotions, and cognition
• What connects the right and left hemisphere?

  the corpus callosum
• The brain uses how much of the blood that is pumped from the heart?

  20% - 25%
• Wernicke's area is responsible for ________________ language and Broca's area is responsible for __________________.

  receptive; expressive
• What is the function of the temporal lobe?

  auditory comprehension and language processing

  
• What is the function of the parietal lobe?

  • important for in the detection of objects touching the body

  • left parietal lobe receives sensations from the right side of the body and vice versa

  • interpret what's detected and integrate bodily sensations like temperature, touch, pressure and pain

  
• What is the function of the frontal lobe?

  • Prefrontal cortex is responsible for cognition (attention, reasoning, judgment, decision making, problem solving) and executive functions

  • Broca's area - center for motor speech control (planning, sequencing, coordinating and initiating) of the articulators

  
• What is the function of the occipital lobe?

  • Visual images processed in the visual association cortex to interpret what is seen

  • recognizing visuo-spatial relationships
• Anoxia


  lack of oxygen in the brain
• The brainstem consists of what?

  pons, medulla oblongata, midbrain
• __ pairs of cranial nerves exit the pons and medulla and course to the mouth, face, neck, and shoulders.

  12
• The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is composed of cranial nerves and spinal cord nerves
• What does the PNS allow the body and brain to do?

  allows the body to communicate sensory information the brain and the brain to communicate motor information to the body
• How many pairs of spinal nerves originate from the spinal cord and send branches to innervate every muscles of the body below the face?

  31
• What 7 cranial nerves are important for speech?

  • trigeminal (V) [face and jaws]

  • facial (VII) [face and tongue]

  • vestibulocochlear (VIII) [hearing and balance]

  • glossopharyngeal (IX) [tongue and pharynx]

  • vagus (X) [larynx, respiration, heart, gastrointestinal system]

  • accessory (XI) [neck and shoulder]

  • hypoglossal (XII) [tongue and neck]