Taxonomy/Evolution Review Sheet

• Evolution


  The theory that certain animals share a common ancestor
• Charles Darwin


  Proposed the current Theory of Evolution
• Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

  States that organisms evolve through the process of natural selection
• H.M.S. Beagle


  The ship that Charles Darwin sailed upon for 5 years
• Charles Darwin's job


  Naturalist - He observed and took notes of his explorations
• Galapagos Islands


  • The most significant place he visited while on the expedition
  • Belongs to Ecuador
  • Classified as a unique environment due to the harsh climate, causing the wildlife to evolve differently
• On the Origen of Species

  The book in which Charles Darwin first proposed his Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
• Principles of Natural Selection

  • Overpopulation
  • Struggle for existence
  • Variations
  • Adaptations
• Evidence for the Theory of Evolution

  • Fossil remains
  • Homologous structures
  • Vestigial structures
  • Similar DNA
  • Embryology

  
• Homologous structures


  Provide evidence of evolution as they indicate a common ancestor, while analogous structures do not
• Adaptation


  Traits that help an organism survive and reproduce in its environment
• Mammals evolved around 100 million years ago
• Hippopotamus


  The closest living relative to whales (cetaceans)
• Taxonomy


  The classification of organisms based on their similarities
• Taxonomic Levels


  • Domain
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
• Phylum comes before Class and after Domain
• Phylum has more organisms than Order
• Binomial nomenclature


  The naming system created by Linnaeus
• Scientific names


  Used by scientists because they are universal and understood globally
• Scientific names are written in Latin
• Scientific name


  Genus name (capitalized) and species name (lowercase)
• Dichotomous key


  Important and helpful for identifying organisms by using clues at once
• Domains of taxonomy


  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
  • Eukarya
• Prokaryote


  An organism without a nucleus
• Eukaryote


  An organism with a nucleus
• Autotroph


  An organism that can make its own food
• Heterotroph


  An organism that cannot make its own food
• Domain Eukarya contains only eukaryotic organisms
• Kingdoms in Domain Bacteria

  • Archaebacteria
  • Eubacteria
  • Cyanobacteria
• Cocci bacteria


  Spherical shaped
• Halophile


  Prefers salty environments
• Kingdoms in Domain Eukarya

  • Protista
  • Fungi
  • Plantae
  • Animalia
• Kingdom Protista


  Considered the "junk drawer" of taxonomy as organisms don't fit in the other 3 kingdoms
• Kingdom Fungi


  • Includes yeast and mold
• Classifying protists


  Into their respective phyla based on their characteristics
• Vascular plants


  Further divided based on whether or not they produce seeds
• Plant types


  • Gymnosperm
  • Angiosperm
• There are 7 invertebrate phyla
• There is 1 vertebrate phylum (Chordata)
• Vertebrate classes


  • Fish
  • Amphibians
  • Reptiles
  • Birds
  • Mammals