science

• Volcano


  Vents in the earth's crust
• Crust


  The outermost layer of the earth
• PHIVOLCS (The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology)


  A government agency that studies and monitors volcanic activities
• Pacific Ring of Fire


  • Characterized by frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions
  • A region of high seismic and volcanic activities in the basin of the Pacific Ocean
• Volcanoes in the Philippines

  • 23 active
  • 26 potentially active
  • More than 300 named and unnamed inactive
• Mayon volcano


  • The most active volcano in the Philippines
  • Located in the province of Albay
  • Known for having a "perfect cone"
• Taal volcano


  • The second most active volcano in the Philippines
  • Located in the province of Batangas
  • Known for having a volcano island on a lake
• Kanlaon volcano


  • The third most active volcano in the Philippines
  • Located in Negros Oriental
  • Is the main attraction in Mt. Kanlaon Natural Park
• Bulusan Volcano


  • The fourth most active volcano in the Philippines
  • Located in the province of Sorsogon in the Bicol region
  • The Bulusan Volcano Natural Park is a protected area surrounding the Bulusan Volcano
• Mount Pinatubo


  • Located at the boundary of Tarlac, Pampanga, and Zambales
  • Produced the second-largest eruption of the 20th century
• Volcanoes in the Philippines

  • Babuyan Claro (Cagayan, 4 eruptions, last in 1917)
  • Banahaw (Laguna, Quezon, 3 eruptions, last in 1843)
  • Buddajo (Sulu, 2 eruptions, last in 1897)
  • Bulusan (Sorsogon, 15 eruptions, last in 2016)
  • Cagua (Cagayan, 2 eruptions, last in 1907)
  • Didicas (Cagayan, 6 eruptions, last in 1978)
  • Mayon (Albay, 48 eruptions, last in 2018)
  • Musuan (Bukidnon, 2 eruptions, last in 1886)
  • Ragang (Cotabato, 7 eruptions, last in 1916)
  • Taal (Batangas, 33 eruptions, last in 1977)
• Viscosity


  Lava's resistance to flow
• Obsidian


  Dark glossy rock that forms lava and cools quickly
• Pumice or Scoria


  Crystal-like, lightweight rocks
• Tuff


  Volcanic ash cemented together
• Types of Volcanic Cones


  • Shield
  • Cinder
  • Composite
• Shield Volcano


  • Broad base and gently sloping side walled that occupies the summit caldera, very large and steep
  • Example: Mauna Loa & Kilauea Hawaii
• Cinder Cone


  • Scoria cones, built from ashes and lava that is hardened by air
  • Example: Taal volcano & Buddajo volcano
• Composite Volcano


  • Perfectly slope structure from alternating layers of hardened lava and pyroclastic materials
  • Most dangerous to erupt
• Types of Volcanic Eruption

  • Phreatic or Hydrothermal
  • Phreatomagmatic
  • Strombolian
  • Vulcanian
  • Plinian
• Phreatic or Hydrothermal


  Steam blast eruption
• Phreatomagmatic


  Violent eruption wherein there is an inclusion of magma and water
• Vulcanian


  • One of the second most dangerous eruptions
  • Thick and viscous magma flow
  • Can travel faster on a liquid material
  • 20 km high
  • Example: Paricutin volcano (Mexico)
• Strombolian (Volcanic Bombs)


  • Continuous ejection of magma and gas
  • Can result in volcanic bombs
  • Weaker than Vulcanian
• Plinian


  • Most violent and explosive eruption
  • Fast lava flow
  • Example: Mount Pinatubo 1991 (almost 20-30km)
• Olympus Mons


  Large shield volcano on Mars (27 km high)
• Crater


  Where the lava flows out
• Most earth volcanoes are found underwater
• Types of Volcanic Eruption

  • Horizontal
  • Vertical
• Sources of Renewable Energy

  • Geothermal Energy
  • Solar Energy
  • Natural Gas
• Natural Displays of Geothermal Energy


  • Geysers
  • Volcano
  • Hot spring
  • Fumarole (natural hole that has steam)
  • Tectonic
• Geothermal Energy


  The heat energy captured and harnessed from earth's interior
• Geo is the Greek word for "earth"
• Thermal means heat
• Weather - earth’s condition in a certain period of time

  Climate - describe the weather conditions for a long period of time in a particular area or place.

  Climatology - a branch of atmospheric science that describes climate and analyzes climate change's cause and practical consequences of climate change.

  Climatologists - people who study climate.
• Weather - earth’s condition in a certain period of timeClimate - describe the weather conditions for a long period of time in a particular area or place.Climatology - a branch of atmospheric science that describes climate and analyzes climate change's cause and practical consequences of climate change.Climatologists - people who study climate.