HUMAN LEARNING EXAM 2

• Fixed Ratio Schedule


  Rewards is delivered after a specific number of responses
• Variable Ratio Schedule


  A reward is delivered after a varying number of responses
• Fixed Interval Schedule 


  Reward is delivered after a set period of time
• Variable Interval Schedule


  Reward is delivered after a varying period of time
• Fixed 


  Set and Predictable
• Variable


  on average and unpredictable
• Ratio 


  Response
• Interval 


  Time
• Ratio Strain


  A situation in which the required amount of work, or response, no longer produces the desired behaviors
• Stretching the Ratio 


  The procedure of gradually increasing the number of responses required for reinforcement
• Adjusting Schedule 


  The response requirement changes as a function of the organism's performance while responding for the previous reinforcer
• Chained Schedule 


  A sequence of two or more schedules of reinforcement must be met successively for the response to be rewarded
• Concurrent Schedule 


  Two schedules are in effect at the same time
• Premack Principle


  A high probability behavior can be used to reinforce a low-probability behavior
• Classical Conditioning

  • Reflex
  • Elicit
  • What happens before
  • 10 million bits/second
  • Pavlov and Watson
• Operant Conditioning

  • Consequences
  • Emitted
  • What happens after
  • 50 bits/ second
  • Thorndike and Skinner
• Extinction 


  the nonreinforcement of a previously reinforced response, the result of which is a decrease in the strength of that response
• When applying an extinction procedure, you have to be persistent
• Side Effects of Extinction

  • Extinction burst
  • Increase in Variability
  • Emotional Behavior
  • Aggression
  • Resurgence
  • Depression
• Extinction Burst


  A sudden spike in the frequency of a behavior when the reinforcement for that behavior is removed
• Resurgence


  the reappearance during extinction of other behaviors that had once been effective in obtaining reinforcement.
• Partial Reinforcement Effect (Schedules of Reinforcement and Extinction)


  Resistance to extinction is particularly strong when behavior has been maintained on a variable ratio schedule
• Disinhibition 


  The sudden recovery of a conditioned response during an extinction procedure when a novel stimulus is introduced.
• Escape Behavior 


  performance of the behavior terminates the aversive stimulus
• Avoidance Behavior 


  performance of the behavior prevents the aversive stimulus from occurring.
• Negative Punishment 


  Removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior
• negative reinforcement


  Removing a stimulus to increase a behavior
• OCD


  a disorder characterized by persistent thoughts, impulses, or images (called obsessions), and repetitive, stereotyped actions (called compulsions) that are carried out in response to the obsessions.
• Exposure and Response Prevention 


  Treatment for OCD where the client is exposed to the anxiety-arousing event while not engaging in the compulsive behavior pattern that reduces the anxiety.
• Response Cost


  The removal of a specific reinforcer following the occurrence of a problem behavior
• Time out


  the loss of access to positive reinforcers for a brief period of time following the occurrence of a problem behavior.
• Learned Helplessness


  A decrement in learning ability that results from repeated exposure to uncontrollable aversive events.
• Operant Conditioning 


  A type of learning in which the future probability of a behavior is affected by its consequence
• Trial and Error Learning 


  adaptive mode of learning that involves eliminating mistakes until a correct answer is discovered through experience
• Law of Effect 


  Behaviors leading to a satisfying state of affairs are strengthened or "stamped in."
• ABC of Operant Conditioning

  • Antecedent Event
  • Behavior
  • Consequence
• Reinforcer 


  The behavior has strengthened as a result of the consequence.
• Punisher 


  the behavior has weakened as a result of the consequence.
• Reinforcement and Punishment 


  the process or procedure by which a certain consequence changes the strength of a behavior.
• Shaping 


  the gradual creation of new operant behavior through reinforcement of successive approximations to that behavior