Rewards is delivered after a specific number of responses
VariableRatio Schedule
A reward is delivered after a varying number of responses
Fixed Interval Schedule
Reward is delivered after a set period of time
Variable Interval Schedule
Reward is delivered after a varying period of time
Fixed
Set and Predictable
Variable
on average and unpredictable
Ratio
Response
Interval
Time
Ratio Strain
A situation in which the required amount of work, or response, no longer produces the desired behaviors
StretchingtheRatio
The procedure of gradually increasing the number of responses required for reinforcement
Adjusting Schedule
The response requirement changes as a function of the organism's performance while responding for the previous reinforcer
Chained Schedule
A sequence of two or more schedules of reinforcement must be met successively for the response to be rewarded
Concurrent Schedule
Two schedules are in effect at the same time
Premack Principle
A high probability behavior can be used to reinforce a low-probability behavior
Classical Conditioning
Reflex
Elicit
What happens before
10 million bits/second
Pavlov and Watson
Operant Conditioning
Consequences
Emitted
What happens after
50 bits/ second
Thorndike and Skinner
Extinction
the nonreinforcement of a previously reinforced response, the result of which is a decrease in the strength of that response
When applying an extinction procedure, you have to be persistent
Side Effects of Extinction
Extinction burst
Increase in Variability
Emotional Behavior
Aggression
Resurgence
Depression
ExtinctionBurst
A sudden spike in the frequency of a behavior when the reinforcement for that behavior is removed
Resurgence
the reappearance during extinction of other behaviors that had once been effective in obtaining reinforcement.
PartialReinforcementEffect (Schedules of Reinforcement and Extinction)
Resistance to extinction is particularly strong when behavior has been maintained on a variable ratio schedule
Disinhibition
The sudden recovery of a conditioned response during an extinction procedure when a novel stimulus is introduced.
Escape Behavior
performance of the behavior terminates the aversive stimulus
Avoidance Behavior
performance of the behavior prevents the aversive stimulus from occurring.
NegativePunishment
Removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior
negativereinforcement
Removing a stimulus to increase a behavior
OCD
a disorder characterized by persistent thoughts, impulses, or images (called obsessions), and repetitive, stereotyped actions (called compulsions) that are carried out in response to the obsessions.
Exposure and ResponsePrevention
Treatment for OCD where the client is exposed to the anxiety-arousing event while not engaging in the compulsive behavior pattern that reduces the anxiety.
ResponseCost
The removal of a specific reinforcer following the occurrence of a problem behavior
Timeout
the loss of access to positive reinforcers for a brief period of time following the occurrence of a problem behavior.
Learned Helplessness
A decrement in learning ability that results from repeated exposure to uncontrollable aversive events.
Operant Conditioning
A type of learning in which the future probability of a behavior is affected by its consequence
Trial and Error Learning
adaptive mode of learning that involves eliminating mistakes until a correct answer is discovered through experience
Law of Effect
Behaviors leading to a satisfying state of affairs are strengthened or "stamped in."
ABC of Operant Conditioning
Antecedent Event
Behavior
Consequence
Reinforcer
The behavior has strengthened as a result of the consequence.
Punisher
the behavior has weakened as a result of the consequence.
Reinforcement and Punishment
the process or procedure by which a certain consequence changes the strength of a behavior.
Shaping
the gradual creation of new operant behavior through reinforcement of successive approximations to that behavior