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• Scientific research


  Seeks to provide scientific information and theories for the explanation of natural phenomena and properties of the world. It makes practical application feasible.
• Funding sources for scientific research

  • Public authorities
  • Charitable organizations
  • Private groups
• Basic or Pure Research

  • Primarily concerned with generating new knowledge
  • Formulation of a theory is the primary goal
• Applied research


  • Concerned with using knowledge to give immediate solutions to a problem
  • Proposed intervention is a usual contribution
• Research in the Humanities


  • Employs methods such as hermeneutics, semiotic, and more relativist epistemology
  • Scholars usually do not search for the ultimate correct answer, but instead explore the issues and details that surround it
• Artistic Research


  • Also considered as "practice-based research"
  • Creative works (both the research and the object of research itself) are important besides employing purely scientific methods
• General characteristics of a research title

  • Summarizes the main idea of the paper
  • Concise statement of the main topic
  • Includes the major variable/s of the research study
  • Self-explanatory
  • Describes or outlines the participants of the study
• Researcher should avoid using words that serve no useful purpose and can mislead indexers, such as methods, results, and investigation
• The general problem of the researcher or the specific question that the researcher intends to answer, when written in the statement form, can serve as the title
• The title must have at least 8-15 words
• Sources of research problems

  • Conveys of discomfort
  • Perceived difficulty in broad subjects such as family affairs, management, and leadership system
  • Display gap between theory and practice
  • Utilizes equipment requiring technologically advanced equipment
  • Involves the experience of any kind of individual
  • Show some kind of pattern or trend
  • Literature reviews, continuous reading and past studies
  • Relates to an individual curiosity and interest
• Criteria for a researchable problem

  • Solutions are available but not yet tested and not yet known by the practitioner
  • No solutions are available to answer the gap, or the problem being assessed
  • When they are given answer or solution, as well as the possible results, are seemingly and tested or are factually contradictory with each other
  • A phenomenon requiring an explanation occurred
  • There are several possible and plausible explanations for the existence of an undesirable condition
• External criteria for choosing a research problem

  • Novelty and practical value of the problem
  • Availability of subjects
  • Support of the academic community
  • Availability and adequacy of facilities and equipment
  • Ethical considerations
• Internal criteria for choosing a research problem

  • Experience, training, and qualifications of the researcher
  • Motivation, interest, intellectual curiosity, and perceptiveness of the researcher
  • Time factor
  • Cost and resources
  • Hazards, penalties, and handicaps
• Outline of Research


  • Introduction of your course (Includes your 3 options)
  • Scope/Limitations of your study
  • General Objective of your study
  • Basic literature
  • History of your course
  • Basic practice of your chosen course
  • Standards observe in your chosen course
  • Different Types of your course (ex. Different types of electrical engineering) be specific]
  • Skills needed for this course
  • Duties and responsibilities
  • Working condition for this course (ex. Outdoor, indoor, night shift, etc)
  • Educational Training
  • Course requirement
  • Current trends/ Issues in your chosen course
  • Strength in pursuing your course
  • Improvement/ Your weakness in pursuing your course
  • Summary, Conclusion
  • Bibliography
  • Appendices
• Bibliography/Reference-where you will use your sourced cards. Present the sources using APA or MLA format
• Appendix (e.g.. survey questionnaire, interview questions)- attachments
• Tie Paper- consists of the research title, names of the researchers and Semester and School year
• Acknowledgement- a personal page where the researchers are given the privilege to extend gratitude to all people who helped in accomplishing the research
• Table of Contents- contains the accurate paging of each part of the research paper
• Problem or the problem and its background

  The first chapter of research
• Essential elements of the first chapter

  • Introduction
  • Statement of the problem
  • Scope and delimitation
  • Significance of the study
• The researcher has to introduce the different elements of the first chapter by giving a brief description of each element, so that the reader knows what to expect of the chapter
• Introduction


  Very important in establishing the cognitive setting of the research
• Elements of the Introduction

  • Rationalization why there is a need to research on the problem
  • Clarification of the important terminologies for the reader to easily understand what the research is about
  • Establishment of the degree of seriousness of the problem which prompt a researcher to look for solutions
• Formulating the Introduction


  1. What is the rationale of the problem?

  2. What is the setting of the problem?

  3. What is the basic literature foundation of the study?

  4. How serious is the chosen research problem?

  5. What is the general objective of the problem?

  6. What is the overall purpose of the problem?
• An introductory paragraph is always placed after the chapter title
• The introduction of the problem has the following elements: rationale, setting, literature foundation, proof of urgency, and general research objective, and general purpose
• The rationale is formulated not only by stating the reason of the conduct but more importantly by narrating incidents from international to local scenarios
• The setting of the problem described the distinctive characteristics of the geographical location of the place where the study is to be conducted
• The definition and the description of the major variables must be done through analyzing literatures
• The urgency of the problem must be proven by citing statistical evidence
• The general objective of this study is the major task of the researcher and is the general statement of the problem
• The general purpose is the general benefit or significance of the study
• Scope


  The parameters under which the study will be operating. The problem you seek to resolve will fit within certain parameters.
• Scope


  • Makes clear what will be studied and what factors are within the accepted range of the study
• Limitations


  Matters and occurrences that arise in a study which are out of the researcher's control. They limit the extent to which a study can go, and sometimes affect the results and conclusions that can be drawn.
• Limitations


  • Every study, no matter how well it is conducted and constructed, has limitations
• Review of Related Literature


  The purpose is to have a basis in the theoretical framework of the study. It warrants the conclusion of the research based on the findings.
• Review of Related Literature

  • Researcher and reader are updated about the present state of research on the topic
  • Includes information from books, articles, journals, magazines, newspapers, unpublished theses and dissertations, and online sources