INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY FOR HEALTH AND SCIENCES

• from the Greek word bios (life) an logus (study)


  biology
• study of life

  biology
• one of the contributors of human anatomy


  Andreas Vesaluis
• study of circulation of blood


  William Harvey
• study of blood capillaries


  Marcello Malpighi
• discovered cells under microscope

  Robert Hooke
• one of the designers of microscopy; discovery of live cells


  Anton van Leeuwenhoek
• study of cell theory


  Theodor Schwann, Matthais Schleiden, Rudolf Virchow
• research method with definite steps that include experiments and careful observations

  scientific method
• a systematic approach in pursuit of truth based on rationality and logic

  scientific method
• involves the non-acceptance of an explanation without proof

  scientific method
• any scientific process starts with observation using all the sense

  observation
• information taken from the real world and made by humans directly (using their 5 senses) or by using instruments

  observation
• usually analyzed for patterns which can later become topics for investigation

  observation
• from observation, a problem may be identified

  identification of the problem
• hypothesis is a preliminary conclusion or a scientific guess about the problem

  formulation of hypothesis
• useful if it explains a problem, suggests new ideas, and makes predictions that can be tested

  hypothesis
• overall statement which provides a basis for predicting things not yet observed

  descriptive hypothesis
• tentative explanation of, or even a guess at what caused the pattern under observation

  explanatory hypothesis
• an answer to a question about cause and effect

  explanatory hypothesis
• special procedure used to test hypothesis

  experimentation/testing of hypothesis
• data/result must be gathered during and after experimentation

  analysis and interpretation of data and results
• can be analyzed or interpreted using tables and graphs

  analysis and interpretation of data and results
• all observations and information

  data
• properly recorded and analyzed

  data
• reproducible to be assured of the validity of an experiment

  data and resuts
• based on analyzed data, a theory may be formulated supported by experimental evidence

  generalization/formulation of conclusion
• • comes up after observation
  • next to observation
  • from sense organs
  • what you observe/caught your curiosity

  problem
• educated/scientific guess

  hypothesis
• rejected hypothesis

  null hypothesis
• a hypothesis that can possibly not be a result in the experiments

  null hypothesis
• accepted hypothesis

  alternative hypothesis
• a hypothesis that is possible to be a result in the experiment

  alternative hypothesis
• subjected to be accepted or rejected depending on the outcome of the experiment

  hypothesis
• aims of the study according to the procedure

  objectives
• in line with the cause of your procedure

  objectives
• must be realistic

  objectives
• materials and schematic diagram (shows the actual flow of the study/experiment)

  procedure
• elaborated conceptual framework

  procedure
• must be in order

  procedure