Final Exam

• Classification of Receptors


  Modality, Origin of Stimuli, Dstribution
• Modality 


  Thermorecptors, nociceptors, chemoreceptors, photoreceptors
• origin of stimuli


  exteroceptor, interoceptor, proprioceptor
• Distribution


  General and special
• What is a Sensation? 


  Conscious perception of a stimulus
• Touch

  Nerve endings
• Taste 


  Chemoreceptors
• Smell


  Chemoreceptors
• Sight 


  Photoreceptors
• Hearing 


  Cochlear
• Endocrine vs. Exocrine


  Exocrine has ducts, endocrine doesn't
• Hypothalamus


  GHRH, TRH, Dopamine, GnRH
• Anterior Pituitary


  Adenohypophysis (Arises from Hypophyseal Pouch)
• Anterior Pituitary 


  FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, GH, ADH
• Posterior Pituitary 


  Neurohypophysis (Arises from infundibulum)
• Posterior Pituitary


  ADH, Oxytocin
• Thyroid 


  T3, T4, TH, Calcitonin
• Parathyroid


  PTH
• Adrenal Gland 


  DHEA, REKHAAAA
• Pancreas


  Insulin and Glucagon
• Pineal Gland


  Melatonin
• Thymus


  Thymopoietin, Thymosin, Thymulin
• Hydrophobic 


  No problem entering cell, needs carrier protein for blood
• Hydrophilic 


  Needs second-messenger system to enter cell
• Acromegaly 


  Hypersecretion of Growth Hormone
• Gigantism 


  Hypersecretion of growth hormone
• Pituitary Dwarfism 


  Hyposecretion of Growth Hormone
• Grave's Disease 


  Antibodies mimic TSH and hypersecrete thyroid hormone
• Diabetes Insipidus 


  Hyposecretion of ADH
• Diabetes Mellitus


  Hyposecretion of Insulin
• Cretinism 


  Deficiency of thyroid hormone during early pregnancy
• Myxedemia


  Severe/Prolonged adult hypothyroidism
• Endemic Goiter


  Lack of dietary iodine
• Cushing's Disease


  Excess of cortisol
• Addison's Disease


  Hyposecretion of adrenal glucocorticoids
• Pheochromocytoma


  Unknown?
• Hyperglycemia


  Too much glucose in blood
• Hypoglycemia


  Not enough glucose in blood
• Ketoacidosis


  Ketones decrease blood Ph
• SAD


  lack of sunlight affects melatonin production