Perspective to policy making

• Policy

  • Effects:
  • Every government, group, or organization plays a very important role on how to make and improve the lives of its people. 
  • Every action that the government, a group or an organization will do generallyaffects the health, the wealth, and the wellbeing of its people.
• What is policy?

  -Plan of action

  -Purpose of policy: to address the problems in a manner that will benefit the people.

  -Who implements policies?

  • organizations

  -a group

  -a government
• Policy vs Plans

  • Well formulated policies are key to success of any plan
  • The implementation of any plan requires policy guidelines
  • Organization plans are based on establishment policies
  • Planning and policy making go together as important functions of management
• Policy making

  • The activity of deciding on new policies, especially by a government or political party
  • Closely related to decision-making
  • Evidennce based on research is vital to the process of policy-making.
• Policy-making Process

  • Problem identification
  • Agenda Setting
  • Policy formulation
  • Policy adoption
  • Policy implementation
  • Policy Evaluation
• What is Public Policy?

  • A set of actions the government decide to take when approaching a problem that affects society as a group, rather than on an individual level.
  • Refers to policies that the government makes on the public’s behalf to resolve a specific issue.
  • Crafted by legislative, executive, and judiciary and are evaluated by policy analysts, experts, media, and political leaders
  • Examples: Gun control, Student loan assistance program
• Political Systems Theory


  Policy is the output of the political system
• Group Theory


  • Interest groups pressure and interact with the makers on preferences and self-interest
  • Composed of like-minded people who seek to promote and campaign for a common cause, perhaps related to members or the public
  • Does not participate in elections but usually only supports political parties to achieve goals
  • Seek to advance their interests by influencing government decisions, for example, through lobbying
• Institutional


  Public policy is determined by government institutions
• Rational Choice Theory


  The government should choose policies resulting in maximum gains to the society
• Game Theory


  Focuses on the idea of competition and cooperation that will result in the formation of incentives to a greater satisfaction of all
• Incremental model


  Evaluates public policy as small changes or adjustments in past policies
• Considerations in Policy Making Process

  1. Conduct first a research and consultation on what specific policy should be focused on laying all the formal and legal bases
  2. Work on a structured process where each actor will play an important and effective role in the process
  3. Move away from a highly politicized context where only a limited group of persons will benefit instead prioritize on how to improve the quality and everyday lives of its people and the public in general. 
  4. Implement a system of accountability where policy-makers are to be held responsible