[iv] Ventilatory Mechanisms

• Cilia

  • Usually found in protochordates
  • Helps remove foreign materials
  • In aquatic chordates, have a sweeping motion that facilitates water movement
  • Amniote cilia
  • Removes foreign material out of airways
  • Surfactants
  • Reduce surface tension
• Water Ventilation: Dual Pump

  • 2 pumps:
  • Buccal pump
  • Opercular pump
  • Synchronous pumping
  • Results in unidirectional flow
  • 2 phases
  • Suction phase
  • Force phase
• Air ventilation: Buccal Pump

  • Loss of opercular pump
  • 2 stroke buccal pumping
  • Single expansion and compression
  • 4 stroke buccal pumping
  • 2 stages of expansion
  • 2 stages of compression