STS QUIZ CHAPTER 8

• Information Society


  A society in which information and communication technologies are widely used and integrated into various aspects of people's lives
• Word


  • A combination of sounds that represent something
  • Made up of sounds and yet they transmit something more significant
  • "The words are "informed" because they carry "information" (Chaisson,2006; Ben-Naim,2015)
• 5 Major Elements of Communication

  • Sender
  • Message
  • Channel
  • Receiver
  • Feedback
• Sender


  The person who is conveying the message. The sender initiates the communication process
• Message


  The information, idea, or thought that the sender wants to convey. It can be verbal or non-verbal, and it can be sent in many forms such as text, symbols, images, and sounds
• Channel


  The medium through which the message is sent. It can be through speech, writing, visual images, body language or any other signal that can be received and understood
• Receiver


  The person who receives the message. The receiver interprets the message based on their own background, experience, and context
• Feedback


  The response from the receiver to the sender. It indicates whether the message has been understood and accepted
• The Role of Language


  • Communication of Information
  • Scientific Search for Truth
  • Power of Words
  • Community Formation
• Technology in the modern world is the fruit of science
• Scientific methods helped people discover how nature behaves, they were able to control nature with technology
• Develop technology that uses laws and language for their benefit. This language is MATHEMATICS
• Isaac Newton


  • Invented calculus and provide clear understanding of optics
  • Most of his significant works has to do with forces, development of a universal law of gravitation and his law of motion
• Calculus


  Measures every phenomenon in the universe
• Optics


  Branch of physical science that deals with the properties and phenomena of both visible and invisible, and with vision
• Universal Law of Gravitation


  The same law of gravity operating on the surface of the Earth applies to the moon and other astronomical objects
• Isaac Newton's Apple: Understanding about forces, particularly gravity
• How Mathematics Becomes the Language of Nature

  • By providing a way to describe and understand the patterns, laws, and structures observed in the natural world
  • The Law of Universal Gravitation mathematically describes the force of attraction between two objects due to their masses and the distance between them
• Nature can be understood because it speaks in the language of Mathematics and the human brain, to a certain extent, can comprehend this language (Wigner, 1960)
• The reason why mathematics is considered as Universal Language, mathematical symbols and notations allow researchers to share their findings and discoveries with precision and clarity
• Technological World


  The environment all around us that is shaped by the application of scientific knowledge to create tools, machines, and systems that solve problems and improve our lives
• Technology


  Using scientific knowledge and discoveries to solve real problems
• The purpose of technology is usually to make life better for people and help the environment. Technology has been a part of human history since the very beginning
• Early Technological Advancements


  • The power of wind and fire
  • Lost in Antiquity is the first sailing vessel that work through the power of wind
  • Reed boats are some of the oldest known vessels, dating back to around 7000 BC
  • Hero of Alexandria's Aeolipile or "wind ball" - a primitive steam engine in the first century
• The Evolution of Technology

  • Early Beginnings: Tools for Survival (Prehistory - 3000 BC)
  • The Rise of Civilizations: Innovation and Ingenuity (3000 BC - 1500 AD)
  • The Age of Exploration and Discovery (1500 AD - 1800 AD)
  • The Industrial Revolution: A Transformation (1800 AD - 1900 AD)
  • The 20th Century: The Dawn of the Information Age (1900 AD - 2000 AD)
  • The 21st Century: The Age of Acceleration
• Printing Press


  A machine that makes lots of copies of written things, like books and newspapers. It works by pressing ink onto paper or cloth using a special surface
• Johannes Gutenberg


  Invented the printing press and used it to print the Gutenberg Bible, one of the earliest books in the world to be printed from movable type
• The printing press changed how information was spread and helped create the information society
• Before the printing press, only rich and powerful people could access knowledge. But the printing press changed that by making information available to more people
• The printing press also made newspapers and journalism possible. News could travel quickly to a lot of people, which led to more discussions and helped communities come together
• Later on, other inventions like the telegraph, telephone, radio, and television made it even easier to share information over long distances
• World Wide Web (WWW)

  A system of interconnected hypertext documents accessed via the internet. The leading information retrieval service of the Internet
• Tim Berners-Lee


  The father of world wide web, English computer scientist who invented HTML markup language, the URL System, and HTTP
• The information stored in the websites is web languages, such as HTML and JavaScript
• Web Languages and Protocols

  • HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) — for transmitting data
  • HTML (Hypertext Markup Language ) — for marking up to information
  • URLs (Uniform Resource Locator) — for specifying what information to retrieve
• Web Server


  Computer software and underlying hardware that accepts requests via HTTP or it's secure variant HTTPS
• The World Wide Web is not the Internet. The Internet is simply the way computers connect to each other in order to share information. The World Wide Web is a big virtual city where we communicate with each other in web language