Cranial nerves

• Olfactory


  Volatile Substance (e.g. alcohol). An animal should sniff, recoil, or lick nose.
• Optic


  Menace. Should blink.
• Oculomotor


  Pupillary Light Reflex (PLR). Normal is to have both a direct and consensual responses.
• Trochlear

  Observe eye position. Abnormal will have dorsomedial strabismus.
• Trigeminal


  Corneal Reflex, Palpebral Reflexes.
• Abducens


  Observe Eye Position. Abnormal will have medial strabismus.
• Facial


  Corneal Reflex, Facial Symmetry. Abnormal may have a droop of lid or lips
• Acoustic


  Handclap, Move head. Normal should respond to handclap and have normal nystagmus.
• Glossopharyngeal


  Gag reflex. Should swallow.
• Vagus


  Laryngeal reflex. Should cough.
• Accessory


  Palpate neck muscles. Should have normal muscle tone.
• Hypoglossal


  Stretch tongue or rub nose. Should retract normally or lick nose.