CHP 2

• Unicellular


  A single cell performs all the basic life process
• Unicellular organisms


  • Amoeba sp.
  • Paramecium sp.
• Multicellular


  An organism consists of more than one cell. Each group of cell specialized to carry our life processes
• Multicellular organisms


  • Homo sapien (human)
  • Animals
  • Plants
• Levels of organisation in multicellular organisms

  • Cells
  • Tissues
  • Organs
  • Systems
  • Organisms
• Cells


  Basic units of structure and function
• Cell examples


  • Red blood cells
  • Xylem vessel cells
• Tissues


  Made up of cells with similar in structure and function
• Tissue examples


  • Epithelial tissues
  • Vascular tissues
• Organs


  Made up of tissues that perform a specific function
• Organ examples


  • Heart
  • Flower
• Systems


  Two of more organs that perform a specific function
• System examples


  • Digestive system
  • Root system
• Organisms


  Whole living thing that carry out all the basic life processes
• Organism examples


  • Human
  • Durian tree
• Cell structure of Amoeba sp.

  • Plasma membrane
  • Food vacuole
  • Contractile vacuole
  • Pseudopodium
  • Nucleus
  • Ectoplasma
  • Endoplasm
• Cell structure of Paramecium sp.

  • Food vacuole
  • Posterior contractile vacuole
  • Cytostome
  • Gullet
  • Oral groove
  • Cilia
  • Macronucleus
  • Micronucleus
  • Anterior contractile vacuole
• Amoeboid movement


  Pseudopodium (false foot) helps it to move forward slowly
• Locomotion of Paramecium sp.

  1. Beats cilia backwards diagonally (swim forward)

  2. Rotates on its axis

  3. Beats cilia forward (swim backwards)
• Feeding in Amoeba sp.

  1. Entrapment - extend pseudopodium

  2. Engulfment - engulf tiny food (phagocytosis) with its pseudopodia

  3. Digestion - food enclosed in food vacuole

  4. Absorption - enzyme digests the bacteria

  5. Egesting - expel indigestible material
• Feeding in Paramecium sp.

  1. Sweeping - movement of cilia. Food moves along the oral groove into the gullet and cytostome

  2. Digestion - food vacuole circulates round the cell

  3. Elimination - undigested food is eliminated at the anal pore
• Binary Fission in Amoeba sp.

  Nucleus divides (favourable condition) and then follows by division of cytoplasm. Two daughter cells are formed (mitotic division)
• Spore Formation in Amoeba sp.


  Spores form (bad condition) and germinate into new amoeba under favourable condition
• Binary Fission in Paramecium sp.

  Micronucleus undergoes mitosis (favourable condition). Macronucleus begins to elongation and form two. Cell content divide and two daughter cells are formed
• Conjugation in Paramecium sp.

  Two same species parent paramecia exchange genetic material of their micronuclei. Each parent divides and forms four daughter cells
• Osmoregulation in Amoeba sp.


  Water moves into the cell by osmosis and prevention of bursting, it has a contractile vacuole
• Osmoregulation in Paramecium sp.

  Water moves into the cell by osmosis and prevention of bursting, it has two contractile vacuoles
• Respiration in Amoeba sp. and Paramecium sp.


  Exchange gases throughout the whole cell membrane
• Excretion in Amoeba sp. and Paramecium sp.


  Waste products are ammonia and carbon dioxide by diffusion. Solid waste in paramecium is expelled through its anal pore
• Cell types in human

  • Epithelial cells
  • Muscle cells
  • White blood cells
  • Red blood cells
  • Sperm
  • Nerve cells
• Tissue types in human

  • Epithelial tissue
  • Smooth muscle tissue
  • Connective tissue
  • Skeletal tissue
  • Nerve tissue
• Organ types in human

  • Stomach
  • Heart
  • Kidney
  • Lung
  • Liver
• System types in human

  • Circulatory system
  • Respiratory system
  • Digestive system
  • Excretory system
  • Muscular system
  • Lymphatic system
  • Integumentary system
  • Skeletal system
  • Nervous system
  • Endocrine system
  • Reproductive system
• Organism (human)


  Whole living thing that carry out all the basic life processes
• Cell types in plants

  • Parenchyma cells
  • Collenchyma cells
  • Sclerenchyma cells
  • Epidermal cells
• Tissue types in plants

  • Epidermal tissue
  • Meristem tissue
  • Vascular tissue
• Organ types in plants

  • Leaf organ
  • Flower organ
  • Stem organ
  • Root organ
• System types in plants

  • Shoot system
  • Root system
• Organism (plant)


  Whole living thing that carry out all the basic life processes