PTLAL QUIZ 2

• It is in the early years of a child when he or she develops language informally by acquiring a first language (L1) or native language
• Acquisition of more than one language during early childhood is called simultaneous multilingualism
• learning additional languages after L1 has already been established is known as sequential multilingualism
• SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION (SLA) - It is the process of learning any language after acquiring a mother tongue
• SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION - It refers to the study of how children learn a second language (L2) additionally to their first language (L1
• THIRD LANGUAGE ACQUISITION -The process of how multilinguals learn additional languages and the role that their multilingual background plays in the process of language learning.
• Third language - is chronologically acquired as third language or the subsequent language learned after acquiring two languages during early years.
• Second Language - It refers to the official language of a speech community, used mainly in education, work and media. It is the language that other minority groups of speakers must learn in order to communicate
• Foreign Language - This is the language that is not part of the immediate social and communicative context, but that is studied or learned because of educational, cultural or working purposes.
• Target Language - It is the language that a non-native speaker is in the process of learning
• Teaching - is described as guiding and facilitating learning, enabling the learner to learn, setting the conditions for learning. Also, teaching involves choosing appropriate methods and techniques.
• According to Brown (2007), in the teaching of a second language, there are some categories which need to be given attention and consideration
• Learner Characteristics - • teachers' capacities to enable the learner achieve acquisition. • learners being taught • their ethnic, linguistic, and religious heritage • life's experiences have they had that might affect their learning • intellectual capacities, abilities, and strengths and weaknesses
• Linguistic Factors - understanding the system of functioning of the second language • differences between the first and second language of the learner • things that learners must learn • understanding of language and communication • being able to determine when a person knows how to use a language • the relevant commonalities and differences between a learner's first and second language • the properties of the target language might be difficult for a learner to master
• Learning Processes - understanding of how learning takes place and how a person can ensure success in language learning • cognitive processes utilized in second language learning • kinds of strategies are available to a learner • important are factors like frequency of input • attention to form and meaning, memory and storage processes, and recall • and the optimal relationship of cognitive, affective, and physical domains for successful language learning
• Age and Acquisition - the differences between children and adults in learning a second language • how age of learning make a difference and how the cognitive and emotional development changes of childhood and young adulthood affect language acquisition
• Instructional Variables - success of learning a language in a natural environment and the ingredients of successful language learning outside educational context • the effects of varying methodological approaches, textbooks, materials, teacher styles and institutional factors • the optimal length of time required for successful mastery of second language • how active a learner should be outside of the classroom
• Context - how the learners the second language within the cultural and linguistic milieu • how they focus on a foreign language context in which the second language is heard and spoken only in an artificial environment • how do intercultural contrasts and similarities affect the learning process
• Purpose - why the learners attempt to acquire a second language • what are their purposes for learning • what other emotional, personal, or intellectual reasons do learners have in pursuing to learn another language
• Learning a language is important in founding 18 social situations, extending interpersonal relationships, understanding experience, reflecting on different thoughts and action, and contributing to the society
• 19th Century - Language teaching was by means of Classical Method
• 20th Century -Audiolingual Method emerged, with its emphasis on oral production drills. However, this method was rejected by some critics.
• 21st Century - Language teaching method is more of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT). It is a blend of the contributions of previous methods giving the best of how a teacher can provide authentic uses of second language in the classroom.