Lesson 3

• How nationalism is not only ethno-cultural, but also socio-political
• two distinct but related facets of nationalism:

  how nationalism is not only ethno-cultural, but also socio-political
• Historical figures such as the national heroes operate as essential constituents that both support and are supported by narratives of nation
• Nationalism is a "closed circuit that demands the paradoxical assertion that despite any acknowledgment of influential outside forces, such as the thrust of global politics or the decay of imperial or colonial control, the nation is nevertheless deemed an autonomous entity with a distinct culture and history"
• Nationalism is a "closed circuit that demands the paradoxical assertion that despite any acknowledgment of influential outside forces, such as the thrust of global politics or the decay of imperial or colonial control, the nation is nevertheless deemed an autonomous entity with a distinct culture and history"
• The people capped as national heroes only post-colonially, as with the case of Rizal and compatriots, are mere constructed figures that may or may not be contradictory or in conflict with the narratives of a nation
• The people capped as national heroes only post-colonially, as with the case of Rizal and compatriots, are mere constructed figures that may or may not be contradictory or in conflict with the narratives of a nation
• Fallaw and Brunk, as quoted by Valenzuela (2014), stated that heroes aid people in identifying with and embodying a nation including its principles and laws, which in turn leads to yielding a stronger sense of unity.
• Fallaw and Brunk, as quoted by Valenzuela (2014), stated that heroes aid people in identifying with and embodying a nation including its principles and laws, which in turn leads to yielding a stronger sense of unity
• National heroes are a way of simplifying the complexities of nationalism
• National heroes are a way of simplifying the complexities of nationalism.
• According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, the term nationalism portrays two distinct yet related phenomena
• According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, the term nationalism portrays two distinct yet related phenomena.

  1. First, nationalism illustrates the values of each member of a nation, thereby exhibiting expression of national identity
  2. The second phenomenon refers to the movement of the members of one nation towards their search for and sustenance of liberty or independence
• The first phenomena of nationalism illustrates the values of each member of a nation, thereby exhibiting expression of national identity
• The second phenomenon of nationalism refers to the movement of the members of one nation towards their search for and sustenance of liberty or independence
• One of the common ways of such expression is how a person finds pride towards where he comes from, including the culture and values he acquired.


  national identity (first phenomena)
• A concrete example of this is the pride observed from the Japanese who until now still abides by the tradition of leaving shoes outside the house or outside restaurants even if it is unreasonable in the eyes of the foreigners


  national identity (first phenomena)
• One can also observe an expression of the Chinese national identity in their annual celebration of festivals like the Lunar New Year which is not only a matter of wishing for good fortune but also a way of paying homage to their ancestors
• Other sets of good examples are the pride of using one's mother tongue, such as the Japanese or even the Ilonggos and Mandayas who proudly use their language even in places where they can be considered a minority, the wearing of traditional clothing like the Kimono for the Japanese and Bahag for some of the Filipino natives, while others also express nationalism when it comes to one's feeling of pride for another's success, such as the victories of Pacquiao in the international boxing arena


  national identity (first phenomena)
• much deeper expression of national identity is found in unity and community
• This is true if the interest of one group differs and is stepped upon by a more powerful group.


  second phenomena of nationalism
• One concrete example was the plea of Rizal to recognize the Philippines as a province and not only as a mere colony of Spain, and to give the Filipinos the same freedom that the Spaniards enjoy.


  second phenomena of nationalism
• Another was the yearning of Bonifacio to achieve genuine independence as a nation, to recognize the country neither as a province nor a colony. but as a nation of its own


  second phenomena of nationalism
• The continuous struggle of the Scottish few to recognize that they are not a different nation but a state independent from the United Kingdom is another example of this second phenomena of nationalism, in these current times
• The recent attempt of Catalonia to separate from the kingdom of Spain is another example of second phenomena of nationalism
• For the second phenomena of nationalism, what is important is being inhabitants of the same nation, and if everyone is sharing the same rights and welfare, and altogether safeguarding that these never be neglected or taken for granted.
• These two are what comprise the concept of a nation:

  1. ethno-cultural
  2. socio-political
• Nationalism is not only ethno-cultural, contrary to common knowledge. Nationalism also has socio-political aspect.
• The continuing debate as for what makes a nation or nationhood is centered upon the ethno-cultural and socio-political.
• Anthropological definition of Benedict Anderson regarding the term nation as "an imagined political community"
• "nation" is what is commonly referred to by the term nationalism
• the term "nation" is from the Middle English nacioun which means a group of people that possesses the same ancestry and language
• From the Latin word natus or natio, the nation term refers to genealogy, lineage, and descent
• nation is where identity and belongingness are anchored from
• • Some of the ethno-cultural nations are Abazinia in Russia whose inhabitants are called Abazins
  • Apacheria of the US whose inhabitants are Apache, Arabia in Yemen, Oman, Saudi Arabia, and others
  • nation of the Catalan in Spain and France
  • Finland whose inhabitants are the Finns
  • In the Philippines come the nations of the Ivatan, Kapampangan, Visayans, Zamboangueño, Tagalog, and others
• the sole reason why nationalism became an issue was the rise of nationalism movements
• Nationalism movements started with groups that hoped to experience independence or those who longed for equal rights, within a country
• The philosophers Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and John Lock had discourses on the meaning of sovereignty, that a nation without territorial sovereignty shall sooner or later cease to exist, just like the Rohingya who until now do not have their own territory.
• This socio-political aspect of the nation can also be clearly seen in groups that have members coming from varied ethno-cultural factions like the Catalan Independence Movement supported not only by the Catalans but also others who dwell in Catalonia
• This socio-political aspect of the nation can also be clearly seen in groups that have members coming from varied ethno-cultural factions like the Catalan Independence Movement supported not only by the Catalans but also others who dwell in Catalonia. This was what happened to the Philippines at the time of Burgos, Rizal, and Bonifacio. What unified them was not common lineage and language, but the common struggle.