learning

• Associative learning


  Associates stimulus
• Reflex


  A simple unlearned response to a stimulus
• Stimulus


  An environmental condition that elicits a response
• Unconditioned stimulus


  A stimulus that elicits response from an organism prior to conditioning
• Unconditioned response


  An unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus
• Conditioned stimulus


  A neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response because it has been paired repeatedly with a stimulus that already elicited that response
• Conditioned response


  A learned response to a conditioned stimulus
• Extinction


  Process by which responses lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimulus no longer occur
• Spontaneous recovery


  The recurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage of time
• Stimulus discrimination


  An organism responds differently to stimuli that are different
• Stimulus generalization


  An organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus
• Operant conditioning


  The target behavior is followed by reinforcement or punishment to either strengthen or weaken it, so that the learner is more likely to exhibit the desired behavior in the future
• Positive reinforcement


  Something is added to increase the likelihood of a behavior
• Positive punishment


  Something is added to decrease the likelihood of a behavior
• Negative reinforcement


  Something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior
• Reinforcement schedules


  • Fixed interval
  • Variable interval
  • Fixed ratio
  • Variable ratio
• Observational learning


  We learn about many behaviors by observing the behavior of others
• Vicarious punishment


  Observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model's behavior
• Vicarious learning


  Observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model's behavior