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BIOLOGY PAPER 1
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Created by
Katie Maudling
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Cards (73)
Microscopes
Normal light microscope can see cells and
nucleus
, electron microscope can see
subcellular
structures in more detail
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Magnification
Image size
/
Object size
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Cell types
Eukaryotic
cells (have nucleus)
Prokaryotic
cells (no nucleus)
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Eukaryotic cells
DNA is found in the
nucleus
Examples:
plant
and
animal
cells
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Prokaryotic cells
DNA is found in a ring called a
plasmid
No
nucleus
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Cell structures
Cell membrane
Cell wall
(
plant
cells and bacteria)
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Chloroplasts
(
plant
cells)
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Bacteria multiply by
binary fission
, doubling in number every
10
minutes
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Bacterial culture growth
1.
Prepare
agar dish using
aseptic
technique
2.
Incubate
at
25°C
3. Measure culture size or area of
inhibition
around
antibiotics
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Diploid cells
Cells with
23
pairs of
chromosomes
(e.g. human body cells)
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Haploid cells
Cells with
23
single chromosomes (e.g.
gametes
)
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Mitosis
1.
Genetic
material duplicated
2.
Nucleus
breaks down
3.
Chromosomes
pulled to opposite sides
4. New
nuclei
form in daughter cells
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Cell specialisation
Cells specialize to perform specific functions (e.g. nerve, muscle, root hair
cells
)
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Stem cells
Unspecialized cells that can develop into
different
cell types
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Diffusion
Movement of molecules/particles from high to
low
concentration,
no
energy required
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Osmosis
Diffusion
of
water
across a semi-permeable membrane
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Osmosis
experiment
Cut
potato cylinders
, weigh, place in
sugar solutions
, reweigh, calculate % change in mass
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Active transport
Movement
of substances
against
a concentration gradient, using energy
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Tissues
Heart
tissue
Digestive
tissue
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Organs
Heart
Liver
Stomach
Small intestine
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Organ systems
Circulatory
system
Digestive
system
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Enzymes
Biological catalysts that break down specific molecules (e.g.
amylase
breaks down
starch
)
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Enzyme active site
Specific
shape
that allows substrate to
bind
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Enzyme activity
Increases with
temperature
until active site is
denatured
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Enzyme activity
Affected by
pH
, optimum pH where activity is
highest
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Enzyme activity experiment
Mix enzyme and substrate, test for
product
formation at different
temperatures
or pH
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Food tests
Iodine
for starch
Benedict's
solution for sugars
Biuret
reagent for proteins
Ethanol
for lipids
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Respiratory system
Provides
oxygen
for respiration, removes
carbon dioxide
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Gas exchange
1.
Air
moves down
trachea
, bronchi, bronchioles to alveoli
2. Oxygen diffuses into
blood
,
carbon dioxide
diffuses out
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Circulatory system
Double circulatory system, deoxygenated blood to
lungs
,
oxygenated
blood to body
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Heart structure
Right side pumps
deoxygenated
blood to
lungs
, left side pumps oxygenated blood to body
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Blood vessels
Arteries carry blood
away
from heart, veins carry blood
towards
heart
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Coronary arteries supply the heart muscle with
oxygen
and
nutrients
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Cardiovascular
disease
Non-communicable disease affecting the
heart
and
blood vessels
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Other examples of non-communicable diseases include
autoimmune
conditions and
cancer
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Coronary artery
Delivers
blood
to the heart muscle to supply
oxygen
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Heart attack
Occurs when coronary arteries are blocked by buildup of
fatty
deposits, causing
coronary heart disease
(CHD)
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Stents
Little tubes inserted into
blood vessels
to keep them
open
and allow blood flow
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Statins
Drugs that reduce
cholesterol
, which reduces
fatty
deposits
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Faulty heart valves
Result in
backflow
, can be replaced with
artificial
ones
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Blood
Carries plasma, red
blood cells
, white blood cells (combat infections), and
platelets
(clot wounds)
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