Biology - Nutrition 2024

• Nutrition


  Intake of food for energy, growth and development
• 7 Nutrient groups


  • Carbohydrates
  • Fats
  • Protein
  • Water
  • Fibre
  • Vitamins
  • Mineral Salts
• Sources of energy


  • Sun
  • Carbohydrates
  • Protein
• Balanced diet


  A diet that consists of all 7 nutrient food groups in the right/correct amount according to one's needs
• Imbalanced diet


  Taking in too little or too much of one or more nutrient groups
• Carbohydrates


  Made of: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
• Types of carbohydrates


  • Simple carbs: monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose)
  • Simple carbs: disaccharides (maltose, sucrose, lactose)
  • Complex carbs: polysaccharides
• Simple carbs


  One or two sugar molecules
• Complex carbs


  3 or more sugar molecules, function: store energy
• Sources of carbs


  • Bread, rice
• Excess of carbs


  Obesity, diabetes, cavities
• Deficiency of carbs


  Lethargy
• Fats


  Made of: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
• Functions of fats


  • Keeps us warm
  • Source of energy
  • Build all membranes
• Sources of good fats

  • Olive oil, salmon, avocado
• Sources of bad fats


  • Processed foods, fast food
• Excess of fats


  Obesity, high blood pressure, heart diseases
• Deficiency of fats


  Rare
• Protein


  Made of: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur
• Functions of protein


  • Building + repairing tissues
  • Growth
  • Provide 3rd source of energy
• Sources of protein


  • Lean meat, eggs, milk
• Basic molecule of protein

  Amino Acids -> Polypeptides
• Deficiency of protein


  Kwashiorkor
• Types of vitamins


  • Fat soluble: A, D, E, K
  • Water soluble: B, C
• Vitamin A


  Function: helps night vision, Sources: carrot, eggs, Deficiency: night blindness
• Vitamin B1


  Function: healthy nerves, Sources: grains, cereals, Deficiency: beriberi (confusion, loss of muscle coordination)
• Vitamin C


  Function: healthy skin and gums, Sources: citrus fruits, Deficiency: scurvy (swollen/bleeding gums)
• Vitamin D


  Function: strengthen bones & teeth, Sources: sun, egg yolk, salmon, Deficiency: rickets (weak bones)
• Vitamin K


  Function: helps blood clot, Sources: leafy green vegetables, Deficiency: excessive bleeding
• Water


  70% water in human body
• Functions of water


  • Chemical reactions to happen (digestion, dissolves chemicals in cells)
  • Remove chemical waste (urea, excess salt & water)
  • Transport substances around the body (glucose + oxygen)
  • Maintain body temperature (cool down)
• Fibre


  Made of: cellulose, Function: helps push food/faeces along digestive tract, Sources: fruits and vegetables, Deficiency: constipation (leads to colon cancer)
• Mineral Salts


  • Calcium
  • Iron
  • Sodium
  • Magnesium
  • Potassium
  • Zinc
• Calcium


  Function: strengthen bones & teeth, Sources: milk, cheese, Deficiency: rickets (children), osteoporosis (adults)
• Iron


  Function: make haemoglobin in RBC, Sources: red meat, Deficiency: anemia (fatigue, pale skin)
• Nitrate


  Function: make protein in plants for growth, Sources: -, Deficiency: stunted growth
• Magnesium


  Function: make chlorophyll, Sources: -, Deficiency: leaves turn yellow