1.1

• Types of crime


  • White collar crime
  • Blue collar crime
  • Utilitarian crime
  • Non-utilitarian crime
  • Corporate crime
  • Organised crime
  • Moral crime
  • Violent crime
  • Crime of passion
• White collar crime


  Committed by the upper/higher class
• Blue collar crime


  Committed by the working class
• Utilitarian crime


  Done for money
• Non-utilitarian crime


  Not done for money
• Corporate crime


  Committed by or in a business
• Organised crime


  Hierarchical, structured, generally gangs, like a business
• White collar crime types

  • Organised
  • Corporate
  • Professional
  • Fiddling expenses
  • Professional misconduct
  • Fraud
  • Embezzlement
• Real life cases of white collar crime

  • Bernard Madoff
  • Enron collapse
  • Lord Conrad Black
  • GP making £700,000 over 5 years writing fake prescriptions
• Organised crime


  • Planned
  • Controlled by a group
  • Strict hierarchy
  • Boss at the top (generally the higher ups are family)
  • Each family have a separate business
  • Extortion
  • Protection rackets
  • Drug dealing and smuggling
  • Prostitution
  • Illegal gambling
  • Gang war
  • Assassination
  • Murder
  • Laundering
  • Anything that can make money
• Corporate crime


  Crimes committed by a business
• Corporate crime types


  • Paperwork and non-compliance- not complying with health and safety regulations
  • Environmental (green) crimes- damaging the environment, either deliberately or through negligence
  • Manufacturing offences- producing unsafe products/counterfeit goods
  • Labour law violations- not complying with worker health and safety policies
  • Unfair trade practices- false advertising; price fixing; illegally obtaining information on rival businesses
  • Financial offences- tax evasion; concealment of loss
• Corporate crime case studies

  • 1984 Bhopal Disaster
  • Thalidomide case study
  • Volkswagen false emissions
• Professional crime


  Crime is their permanent occupation and primary source of income
• Professional crime types


  • Major drug dealers
  • Bank robbers
  • Assassins
  • Human traffickers
  • Prostitution
• Immoral crime


  Actions that go against the morals of society, with an inherent quality of vileness, depravity or evil
• Immoral crime case study

  • Josef Fritzl
• State crime


  Illegal or deviant activities perpetrated by or with the complicity of state agencies
• State crime types


  • Torture and illegal treatment of citizens
  • Corruption
  • Assassination and 'targeted killing'
  • War crimes
  • Genocide
  • State-sponsored terrorism
• State crime case studies

  • Genocide in Rwanda
  • Saddam Hussein in Iraq
  • Tony Blair and the Iraq War
  • Other modern leaders accused of war crimes
• Amnesty International tactics to raise awareness


  • Public events
  • Books
  • Jobs
  • Volunteering
  • Funding activities
  • Multimedia outreach
  • Lessons in human rights
  • Protests
  • Petitions
  • Letter writing
  • Action plan for changing attitudes
  • Website
  • Human right defender speeches
  • Billboards
  • Online adverts
  • TV adverts
  • Advocacy and lobbying
• Some argue that it is criminal when states deny human rights
• Domestic abuse


  Sexual, physical, financial, emotional abuse between intimate partners or family members
• Domestic abuse is widespread and not random, occurring when men perceive a challenge to their authority
• Previous reluctance of police to get involved in domestic abuse and fear of stigma/repercussions makes statistics invalid
• Clare's law allows anyone to check if their partner has a criminal record for domestic abuse
• A call is made every 30 seconds about domestic abuse to the police
• 66% of abusive partners also directly harm their own children
• 70-90% of family court cases involve domestic abuse
• 1 in 3 women, 1 in 5 children and 1 in 6 men will experience domestic abuse in their lifetime
• Domestic abuse is rife throughout all cultures, race, sex, religions and age
• In 2017, 87% of those murdered at the hands of a current or ex partner were killed within 1 month of leaving
• It takes an average of 7 attempts to finally leave an abuser and an average of 32 incidents to seek help
• Two women lose their lives at the hands of a partner or ex (which increased to five a week in lockdown in England and Wales)
• It's estimated one third of domestic abuse cases remain unreported
• In 2017, domestic abuse cost the economy 66 billion pounds
• Domestic abuse rates increase by 38% when England lose football
• Domestic abuse can rise during Christmas and be linked to money and class issues, as well as drinking and drugs
• Hate crime


  A crime, typically one involving violence, that is motivated by prejudice on the basis of religion, race, sexual orientation or other grounds
• Hate crime case study

  • Bijan Ebrahimi, an Iranian refugee with learning difficulties and a physical impairment, was branded a 'paedophile' and murdered by a neighbour despite many interactions with police as a victim of racist and disablist hate crime