Hsc unit I

• Growth


  Increased in measured quantity, e.g. weight, height and shape
• Development


  A complex change, increase in capabilities, abilities and skills
• Perimenopause symptoms & causes

  • Hot Flashes = Insomnia
  • Irregular periods=Mood swings
  • Dryness of vagina= loss of sex drive
• Uses of Centile Charts

  • To measure weight
  • To measure height
  • To measure head circumference
• Primary sexual characteristics


  Organs & cells that are present at birth but are developed during puberty
• Primary sexual characteristics


  • Menstrual cycle starts
  • Uterus enlarges
  • Ovaries begin to release
• Secondary sexual characteristics


  Develop during puberty (child-adulthood)
• Secondary sexual characteristics


  • Breast Enlargement
  • Pubic Hair, Facial hair
• Fine motor skills


  Skills that use smaller muscles, e.g. pinching, drawing, writing
• Gross motor skills


  Skills that use larger muscles, e.g. running, walking and hopping
• Piaget Stages


  • Sensorimotor (0-2)
  • Pre-operational (2-7)
  • Concrete operational (7-11)
  • Formal operational (11+)
• Language Acquisition


  Process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and understand language
• Sensorimotor stage: Object permanence, learning the world through their senses
• Pre-operational stage: Lack of conservation & Egocentrism, adding to their schemas
• Concrete operational stage: Carry out mental operations (conservation), cannot do mentally
• Formal operational stage: Abstract & Logical thinking
• Chomsky's argument


  Language is innate, we are made to learn language, due to the Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
• Piaget's argument


  Younger children do not have the same capabilities as older children, all children have to go through the stages of cognitive development in order
• Theory of universal grammar


  The idea that language is innate, language acquisition occurs in stages: Pre-linguistic, Holophrastic, Telegraphic, Complex
• Normal age-related memory changes vs. symptoms that may indicate dementia

  • Able to function independently, and pursue normal activities, despite occasional memory loss
  • Difficulty doing tasks independently (paying bills, dressing appropriately, washing up), forgetting things you've done multiple times
  • Able to remember and describe incidents of forgetfulness
  • Unable to remember and describe incidents of forgetfulness
  • May pause to remember directions but do not get lost in familiar places
  • Forget directions, and often gets lost in familiar places
  • Difficulty finding the right words, but does not find it difficult to keep a conversation
  • Words are frequently forgotten, misused, repeats phrases and stories in the same conversation
  • Judgement and decision making is the same
  • Trouble making choices, may show poor judgement

  
• Bowlby's theory of attachment


  The relationship between an infant and their caregiver will determine how successful they are in life and was most crucial for future social interactions, otherwise they are more likely to lead to delinquency and long-term mental health problems
• Self-esteem


  How an individual feels about themselves
• Self-image


  How an individual views themselves
• Self-concept


  'Sense' of self, what makes you different from everyone else
• Emotional development from infancy to later adulthood

  • Infancy: inbuilt need to form an attachment with their caregiver to make assumptions about self and others
  • Early Childhood: use their imagination to understand social roles
  • Adolescence: need to develop self-concept to have an understanding of their identity
  • Early & Middle Adulthood: Their self-esteem depends on their current lifestyle
  • Later adulthood: need a secure self-concept to adapt to the changes happening
• Criticisms of Bowlby's theory: 1) Delinquent criminal behaviour could be strongly linked to their environment, 2) Not all children reflect their upbringing, e.g. not all respectful parents will have respectful kids
• Schaffer and Emerson Findings: The most important fact in forming attachments is not who feeds and changes the child but who plays and communicates with him or her. Therefore, responsiveness appeared to be the key to attachment
• Stages of independence from birth to later adulthood

  • Birth-Infancy: We are born dependent on others, whilst attempting to do things ourselves. We begin to choose and make decisions over time.
  • Early Childhood: Learning independence through trial and error, and is influenced through praises and rewards.
  • Adolescence: Make choices in subjects, careers, and school. Leading to a full-time job which gives the financial independence. The level of independence varies through parents.
  • Early adulthood: Around this stage most individuals leave home, which is a big transition of complete financial independence which sometimes will have positive or negative outcomes.
  • Middle adulthood: Around this age, most individuals are starting families, providing etc. Later down the line, retirement / finance plans are considered.
  • Later adulthood: Become less dependent due to illness and health conditions developed over time. Extra Info: people with health conditions can still remain independent with suitable care, communication or mobility aids.
• Benefits of peer pressure and friendship

  • Peer pressure can help an individual conform to safe and healthy behaviour and academic achievement.
  • Friendship can boost confidence, provide emotional support, encourage healthy habits, and prevent loneliness and isolation.
• Types of play

  • Unoccupied Play: The child is not engaged or actively playing with others. They are engaged in random movements.
  • Solitary/Solo Play: Children will often play alone, will be uninterested with what others are doing.
  • Parallel Play: Children are playing next to each other, they will be playing with similar toys and mimic one another.
  • Associated Play: This stage will begin to play together, they will be more interested in playing together than the toy they are playing with.
  • Cooperative Play: Play is organized into groups and teamwork is present. Both the people and activity is now of interest.
• Cystic Fibrosis: Wet, sticky and thick mucus buildup in the lungs, which causes lung disease resulting in difficulty breathing.
• Brittle Bone Disease: Bones can fracture easily which vary from mild to severe, making it difficult to take part in physical activities - more likely to be injured.
• Poor housing conditions can lead to cardiovascular diseases and respiratory conditions - e.g. bronchitis and asthma.
• Religion and cultural factors can impact diet, medical care. Female doctors or seek vegan options.
• Parents experiencing financial issues may have an effect on their kids' education, unable to fund for trips - experiencing and unable to pay for educational resources affecting their learning. Or their ability to provide or pay for their own education affecting their self-conduct.
• Predictable and unpredictable life events

  • Predictable: Starting school, Getting married, Moving house
  • Unpredictable: Developing a serious illness, Losing your job (redundancy)
• Holmes-Rahe scale

  Measured the amount of stress an individual has experienced recently to measure if they are at risk of any illnesses.
• Bandura's social learning theory

  Social behaviour is learnt through observation and imitation. Attention: pay attention to behaviour (consequences) to form a mental representation. Retention: How well the behaviour is remembered. Reproduction: The ability to perform the behaviour learnt. Motivation: more likely to perform the behaviour if rewarded, if not they are least likely to imitate the behaviour.
• Noam Chomsky

  Believed that the ability to develop a signed or spoken language is genetically programmed into individuals
• Language acquisition device (LAD)

  Enables children to recognise and develop the languages they experience