anaphy

• Nervous System


  A group of tissues composed of highly specialized cells possessing the characteristics of excitability and conductivity
• Major Functions of the Nervous System

  • Receive sensory input
  • Integrate information
  • Control muscles and glands
  • Maintains homeostasis
  • Establish and maintain mental activity
• Morphological Divisions of the Nervous System

  • Central Nervous System (CNS)
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
• Central Nervous System (CNS)


  • Brain
  • Spinal cord
• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

  • Cranial Nerves (12 pairs)
  • Spinal Nerves (31 pairs)
  • Autonomic Nervous System
• Functional Divisions of the Nervous System

  • Somatic Efferent
  • Visceral Efferent (Autonomic Nervous System)
• Types of Cells in the Nervous System

  • Neurons
  • Neuroglia (Astrocyte, Oligodendrocyte, Microglia, Ependymal cells)
• Neuron


  Basic unit of the nervous system which conducts electrical impulses from one part of the body to another
• Main Parts of the Neuron

  • Cell body (soma)
  • Axon
  • Dendrites
• Two Types of Neuron Processes

  • Dendrites - transmit impulses toward the cell body
  • Axons - conducting impulses away from the cell body
• Synapse


  Point of connection between neurons
• Main Neurotransmitters


  • Epinephrine (adrenaline)
  • Norepinephrine (nor adrenaline)
  • Acetylcholine
• Myelin Sheath


  Insulating material covering axons in central and peripheral nervous system, allowing saltatory conduction of nerve impulses
• Central Nervous System (CNS)

  Includes the brain and spinal cord, divided into gray matter and white matter
• Embryological Divisions of the Brain

  • Forebrain (Prosencephalon)
  • Midbrain (Mesencephalon)
  • Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)
• Forebrain (Prosencephalon)


  • Telencephalon (cerebrum)
  • Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus)
• Midbrain (Mesencephalon)


  • Corpora quadrigemina (tectum)
  • Cerebral peduncles
  • Cerebral Aqueduct of Sylvius (Iter)
• Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)


  • Metencephalon (cerebellum, pons)
  • Myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)
• Telencephalon (Cerebrum)


  • 7/8 of weight of brain
  • Discriminatory identification
  • Integration of sensory information (memory, reasoning)
  • For use of language
  • For emotional behavior
  • For initiation of movement
• Fissures of the Cerebrum

  • Longitudinal Fissure
  • Lateral Sylvian Fissure
  • Central Sulcus (Rolandic Fissure)
  • Transverse Fissure
  • Parieto-occipital fissure
  • Calcarine Fissure
• Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex

  • Frontal Lobe
  • Parietal Lobe
  • Temporal Lobe
  • Occipital Lobe
  • Insula (Island of Reil)
• Functional Areas of the Cerebrum

  • Primary Motor Area
  • Pre-motor Area
  • Pre-frontal Area
  • Primary Sensory/Somesthetic Area
  • Motor Speech Area
  • Sensory Speech Area
  • Auditory/Hearing Area
  • Visual Area
  • Olfactory/Smell Area
  • Taste Area
• Basal Ganglia


  • Masses of gray matter embedded in the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres, play a role in the control of motor function
• Diencephalon


  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
• Midbrain (Mesencephalon)


  • Connects the forebrain and hindbrain, concerned with motor coordination
• Midbrain Structures


  • Cerebral Peduncles
  • Corpora Quadrigemina (Superior Colliculi, Inferior Colliculi)
• Lobes of the Cerebellum


  • Anterior Lobe - regulation of muscle tone
  • Posterior Lobe - coordination of voluntary motor activity
  • Flocculonodular Lobe - concerned with equilibrium, posture and balance
• Pons


  • Bridge-like structure linking the various parts of the brain
• Medulla Oblongata


  • Continuous with the spinal cord, has vital regulatory and reflex centers
• Ventricles of the Brain

  • Lateral Ventricle
  • Third Ventricle
  • Fourth Ventricle
• Meninges


  • Dura Mater
  • Arachnoid Mater
  • Pia Mater
• Cerebrospinal Fluid


  • Colorless fluid circulating within the ventricles, central canal of spinal cord, and subarachnoid space, serves as a water cushion to guard the brain and spinal cord

  
• Spinal Cord

  • Continuous with the medulla oblongata, has two enlargements (cervical and lumbar)
• Cranial Nerves

  • Olfactory (I)
  • Optic (II)
  • Oculomotor (III)
  • Trochlear (IV)
  • Trigeminal (V)
  • Abducens (VI)
  • Facial (VII)
  • Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
  • Glossopharyngeal (IX)
  • Vagus (X)
  • Accessory (XI)
  • Hypoglossal (XII)
• Classification of Cranial Nerves

  • Sensory Nerves (I, II, VIII)
  • Motor Nerves (III, IV, VI, XI, XII)
  • Mixed Nerves (V, VII, IX, X)
• Spinal Nerves

  • Dorsal Root (sensory)
  • Ventral Root (motor)
• Spinal Nerve Regions

  • Cervical (8 pairs)
  • Thoracic (12)
  • Lumbar (5)
  • Sacral (5)
  • Coccygeal (1)
• Nerve Plexuses

  • Cervical Plexus
  • Brachial Plexus
  • Lumbar Plexus
  • Sacral Plexus
• Major nerve plexuses

  • Cervical
  • Brachial
  • Lumbar
  • Sacral
• Cervical plexus

  • Formed by the first 4 cervical nerves (C1-C4)
  • Supplies the back and sides of the head and the front of the neck
  • Gives off the phrenic nerve to the diaphragm