Intellectual Revolution

• Intellectual Revolution


  Pertains to the period of paradigm shifts or changes in the scientific beliefs that have been widely embraced and accepted by the people
• Three revolutions that defined society

  • Ideas of known intellectuals
  • Information Revolution
  • Cradles of Early Science
• Copernican revolution


  • Ptolemy introduced the geocentric model which showed that the earth is the center of the universe
  • Copernicus proposed the heliocentric Theory where planets revolve around the sun
  • Brahe's observation of the star Cassiopeia
  • Kepler stated that the planets move in elliptical orbits and the sun at the center
  • Galileo Galilei developed a telescope and observed Venus
  • Isaac Newton's law of gravitation
• Darwinian Revolution


  Formulated his book "On the Origin of Species" in 1859 which presented evidence on how species evolved and "The Descent of Man (1871)" which introduced the idea of all organic life under the realm of revolutionary thinking
• Darwinian Revolution


  • All life on Earth is connected and related to each other
  • Diversity of life came about because of the modifications in populations that were driven by natural selection
• Freudian Revolution


  Freud founded psychoanalysis and described that the brain can be segmented into compartments, developed an observational method to study human's inner life mainly focusing on human sexuality and the evil nature of man
• Information Revolution


  Started from the Sumerian pictographs, which is the earliest writing system, then came the invention of Gutenberg's printing press in 1455, use of typewriters and telegraphs, and today's technologies used widely with the help of the internet to communicate, disseminate and store information
• Four cradles of early science

  • Mesoamerican
  • Middle East
  • Asia
  • African
• Mesoamerican Civilizations


  • Mayan: Astronomy, Celestial bodies, Hydraulic systems, Cocoa beans
  • Aztec: Mandatory education, Chocolates
  • Inca: Roads paved with stones, Stone buildings, Irrigation System, Calendar with 12 months
• Mesoamerican Contributions


  • Aztecs had established a great military force, used chinampa to grow crops on shallow lake beds, used rubber in ball games, used cocoa beans as currency, developed an accurate Mayan Calendar, Incans used Quipos for book-keeping, Inca's Mita System for labor service
• Middle East Contributions


  • Arabs applied the Romans' principles and improved the watermill known as Noria, designed machines for irrigation, industrial work, and war, described candle and water clocks, water vessels, fountains, automata, and water-raising devices, explained steam power and a blueprint of a six-piston pump
• Asian Contributions


  • Traditional Chinese medicine acupuncture and herbal medicine, Four great inventions in China: Compass, Gunpowder, Papermaking, Printing, Alchemy (Taoist Chemistry)
• African Contributions


  • Production of Kola nuts and coffee, developed coffee as a consumable drink, used plants with salicylic acid for pain (Aspirin) and diarrhea (Kaopectate), advanced in medicine such as operating autopsies and caesarian, experimentation in drainage, construction of polders, desalination, and irrigation
• Ideas of Known Intellectual

  • Copernican Revolution
  • Darwinian Revolution
  • Freudian Revolution
• Charles Darwin

  Formulated his book “On the Origin of Species ”in 1859 which presented evidence on how species evolved and “The Descent of Man (1871)” which introduced the idea of all organic life under the realm of revolutionary thinking.