MIL MIDTERMS

• Process of News Production

  1. Find a News Lead
  2. Original Research
  3. News Writing
  4. Editing
• It must be newsworthy, timely, accurate, fair, balanced, and relevant to the audience.
• In the process of news production, news should be newsworthy. Stories that are broadcasted should be:

  1. Affecting a lot of people
  2. Containing relevant information
  3. The latest news
  4. Contributing to society, culture, and awareness
  5. Amusing, interesting, and unique
• In the process of news production, doing original research means having evidence and having it complete. Evidences could be:

  • Paper Trail - official documents, books, statistics, etc.
  • People Trail - experts, officials, associated people
• KISS

  Keep it short and simple
• In the process of news production, editing means undergoing through quality check. News go through different people.

  • In newspapers, it undergoes the section editor or news editor
  • In television, it undergoes through the segment producer, the editor-in-chief, and the executive producer
• ABC

  Accuracy, Brevity, and Clarity
• The National Union of Journalists of the Philippines (NUJP) said that 197 journalists have been killed in the Philippines since democracy was restored in 1986.
• BASIC JOURNALISTIC STANDARDS AND PRINCIPLES

  • PLURALITY AND DIVERSITY
  • FAIR AND BALANCED REPORTING
  • EDITORIAL INDEPENDENCE
• Independent, free, and pluralistic media

  • play a critical role in providing reliable news and information
  • enable robust public debate
  • contribute to building well-informed and active citizenry
• Who threatens the press?

  Heads of State

  Trolls

  Security Forces

  Violent Groups

  Judge

  Media Owners
• Heads of State

  Launching verbal attacks and lawsuits
• Trolls

  Abusing and threatening online
• Security Forces

  Harassing, arresting, and beating
• Violent Groups

  Threatening attacks and death
• Judge

  delivering draconia sentences
• Media Owners

  Controlling the editorial line and job security
• Normative Roles of Journalism

  1. Organizing Knowledge
  2. Truthfulness
  3. Public Interest
  4. Independence
  5. Forum for Public Criticism and Problem Solving
  6. Accountability
  7. Proportionality and Relevancy
  8. Balancing Privacy and Right to Know
• Universal Declaration on Human Rights (UDHR)


  Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes the right to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers
• International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)


  • Everyone shall have the right to freedom of opinion
  • Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art or through any other media of his choice
• 1987 Constitution Article III Section 4


  No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances
• The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be recognized.
• The state adopts and implements a policy of full public disclosure of all its transactions.
• Executive Order on Freedom of Information (FOI)

  Aims to promote an open government by increasing the transparency of the executive branch and its agencies. It strengthens the right to information as enshrined by the constitution.
• The Commission on Elections is empowered to supervise or regulate the enjoyment and utilisation of all franchises and permits for the operation of media of communication to ensure equal opportunity, time and space and the right to reply, including reasonable equal rates therefore, for public information campaigns and forums.
• Yellow Journalism

  any false news that is released because it evokes strong emotions on the audience
• Nancy Ford

  First fact-checker of the world. Worked for Time Magazine in 1923
• Cross-referencing is reliable and helpful in fact-checking
• Tsek.ph 


  A fact-checking project led by the UP-Journalism Department
• 5 Fact-check Ratings of Tsek.ph

  • Accurate
  • False
  • Misleading
  • No Basis
  • Needs Context
• Public authorities may restrict the right to expression if they can show that their action is lawful, necessary and proportionate in order to:

  • protect national security, territorial integrity (the borders of the state) or public safety prevent disorder or crime
  • protect health or morals
  • protect the rights and reputations of other people
  • prevent the disclosure of information received in confidence
  • maintain the authority and impartiality of judges
• Web 1.0


  This refers to the read-only web because it lacked the social participation that today's web is known for.

  They include: Yahoo, Google, AOL, MSN, Internet Explorer
• Web 2.0


  This refers to the social web because it is centered around not only reading information but commenting, sharing, and interacting with content on the web.

  They include: Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat, YouTube
• Web 3.0


  This refers to artificial intelligence and machine learning to create a fully autonomous, intelligent internet that understands content the way we do.

  They include: Ethereum, Axie Infinity, Brave, Metaverse, ChatGPT
• Citizen Journalism


  It is journalism that is conducted by people who are not professional journalists but who disseminate information using Web sites, blogs, and social media. Citizen journalism has expanded its worldwide influence despite continuing concerns over whether citizen journalists are as reliable as trained professionals.
• Online Education

  With internet connection, anyone can earn a degree without having to attend face-to-face class

  sessions.
• Challenges and Risks

  • Age- inappropriate content
  • Illegal content (i.e. racism and child abuse)
  • Lack of verification of content
  • Incitement of harm/Harmful advice
  • Infringement of human rights/defamation
  • Inappropriate advertisement and marketing to children
  • Privacy invasion
  • Copyright infringement
  • Identity theft
  • Money theft/phishing
  • Commercial fraud
  • Grooming
  • Bullying
  • Disclosing private information
  • Profiling
• Identifying Fake News

  • Check the source and writer
  • Check the date
  • Is it a joke? (Satirical)
  • Read beyond the headline
  • Check the supporting materials and ask experts
• Ethics


  moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the conducting of an activity.
• News ethics


  strives to ensure the free exchange of information that is accurate, fair and thorough