Phy2

• Formation of a secondary rainbow

  1. Sunlight is reflected twice inside raindrops

  2. First reflection causes the spectrum of colors to be reversed

  3. Second reflection separates the colors further

  4. Results in a secondary rainbow appearing outside of the primary rainbow, with the colors appearing fainter and in reverse order
• Cause of a solar eclipse

  1. The moon passes between the sun and the Earth

  2. Blocking the sunlight from reaching a certain area on the Earth's surface

  3. Can result in a partial solar eclipse or a total solar eclipse
• Kinetic energy


  The energy of an object in motion
• Potential energy


  The energy stored in an object based on its position or state
• Kinetic energy calculation


  0.5 x mass x velocity^2
• Potential energy calculation


  mass x gravitational field strength x height
• Applications of optical fibers

  • Telecommunications (such as internet data transmission)
  • Medical imaging (such as endoscopes)
  • Sensors (such as in temperature or pressure measurements)
• Total internal reflection in optical fibers


  1. Light traveling through the core of the fiber strikes the boundary with the cladding at an angle greater than the critical angle

  2. Light reflects back into the core instead of being refracted out of the fiber
• Snell's Law of Reflection

  The ratio of the sines of the angles of incidence and refraction is equal to the ratio of the speeds of light in the two media
• Internal reflection


  Light is reflected within a medium at an angle greater than the critical angle
• Reflection and refraction


  The bending of light rays at a surface between two different media
• Satellite


  An object in orbit around a larger object
• Orbital velocity


  The speed at which an object must travel in order to maintain orbit
• Escape velocity


  The minimum velocity needed for an object to escape the gravitational pull of a larger object
• Gravitational force


  The force of attraction between two objects with mass
• Gravitational potential energy

  The energy stored in an object due to its position in a gravitational field
• Calculus


  A branch of mathematics that deals with the study of rates of change and the accumulation of quantities
• Derivatives, integrals, limits, functions

  Concepts in calculus
• Global Positioning System (GPS)


  A satellite-based navigation system that provides location and time information in all weather conditions anywhere on or near the Earth
• How GPS works


  1. Operates through a network of at least 24 satellites orbiting the Earth at approximately 20,000 km above the surface

  2. Uses trilateration to determine a user's precise location by calculating the distance between the user and multiple satellites
• GPS has revolutionized navigation, enabling accurate mapping, surveying, and real-time tracking for various applications, including transportation, emergency response, and outdoor activities
• GPS has become an integral part of modern technology, with applications ranging from guiding aircraft and ships to helping individuals navigate through unfamiliar terrain with smartphones and car navigation systems