biology

• function of a red blood cell is to carry oxygen around the body and to transport carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs for excretion.
• Glucose moves around the body in the bloodstream in the form of glucose molecules.
•  a specialized cell, also known as a differentiated cell, is a cell that has developed unique features and functions to perform specific roles within an organism
• the test for glucose is Benedicts solution/reagent
• products of anaerobic respiration in plants are energy, carbon dioxide and ethanol.
• prokaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells and have a single circular chromosome.
• There are four chambers of the heart : right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium and left ventricle.
• An independent variable is the variable that is manipulated by the researcher to see how it affects the dependent variable
• thyroxine or thyroid hormone - a hormone which stimulates the basal metabolic rate and plays an important part in growth and development.
• thyroid gland - produces thyroxine, regulates metabolism by TSH
• Adrenaline - A hormone that increases the heart rate and blood pressure - its secreted by the adrenal glands
• Effects of adrenaline on the body - increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, increased breathing rate
• Adrenal glands - are located on top of the kidneys and produce adrenaline and cortisol
• fight or flight - reduces oxygen and glucose to the digestive organs
• glucose and oxygen are the required reactants for aerobic respiration
• Enzyme - A protein that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy.
• The enzyme rate increases as the temperature increases until it reaches the optimum temperature after which the enzyme becomes denatured
• Enzyme reaction rate decreases as the pH moves away from the optimum pH level
• active site - the part of the enzyme that fits the substrate and is the site of reaction
• amylase- a carbohydrase enzyme found in saliva and the small intestine that breaks down the chemical base in starch
• protease - breaks down proteins into amino acids, found in the stomach and small intestine
• lipase - breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol, found in small intestine.
• proteins - made up of amino acids, which are linked together by peptide bonds - also the building blocks of cells and tissues.
• Eukaryotic cell - the genetic material is enclosed within the nucleus
• animal cell - 10-15 micrometres in diameter, 100-1000 in length
• animal cell - has no chloroplasts or cell wall is a type of eukaryotic cell and has a cell membrane
• plant cell - contains a cell wall, chloroplasts, nucleus, mitochondria and ribosomes

  
• prokaryotic cell - no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles
• bacterial cell - smallest living things, can be seen with light microscope, have a rigid cell wall, contain DNA in the form of circular chromosome
• respiration occurs in - mitochondria
• diffusion - oxygen gets from the lungs into the blood from there
• Glucose and oxygen - required for aerobic respiration to take place
• Aerobic respiration - glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP)
• indicator species - organisms used to measure pollution levels in an ecosystem
• hydroponics - plants grown in a nutrient solution in water, without soil
• insulin - genetically engineered
• non-communicable disease - disease that cannot be passed from one person to another
• communicable diseases - can be spread between people by direct contact or indirectly through contaminated food/water
• vaccine - contains weakened or dead pathogens which stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against them
• antibiotics - drugs that kill bacteria