behavioural approach

• Classical conditioning 


  A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
• Conditioned response (CR)


  The learned response to a previous neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)
• Conditioned stimulus (CS)


  A stimulus that only produces the desire response after pairing with the unconditioned stimulus
• Neutral stimulus (NS)


  A stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
• Unconditional response (UCR) 


  The unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditional stimulus (UCS)
• Unconditional stimulus (UCS)


  Any stimulus that produces a response without learning taking place
• Extrinsic rewards 


  Pleasurable consequences of a behaviour that comes from the external environment, eg. Praise, money
• intrinsic rewards


  Pleasurable consequences of a behaviour that comes from within the individual, Eg. feeling of achievement
• Motivation 


  The drive to behave in away that achieve a goal or satisfies a need
• Negative reinforcement 


  Reinforcer is the removal of an unpleasant stimulu, which makes the behaviour more likely to be repeated
• Operant conditioning 


  Form of learning in which behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences, reinforcement (positive or negative) or punishment (positive or negative)
• Positive reinforcement 


  The reinforcement is a pleasant consequences of the behaviour is less likely to be replaced
• Punishment 


  A consequence of a behaviour is unpleasant, making the behaviour less likely to be replaced
• Reinforcement 


  A behaviour is followed by a consequence that increases that probability if the behaviour being repeated
• Modelling 


  either an observer imitates the behaviour of a model or a model demonstrates a behaviour that may be imitated by an observer
• Imitation 


  Copying the behaviour of another person
• Observation 


  Actively attending to and watching/listening the behaviour of others (models)
• social learning 


  Form of learning in which behaviours are acquired through: observation, modelling, imitation and reinforcement. Cognitive factors play a key role
• Vicarious learning 


  Occurs when a learner observers a models behaviour being reinforced
• operant conditioning 


  A form of learning in which behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences, reinforcement

  (positive/negative) or punishment (positive/negative)
• Social learning 


  Form of learning in which behaviours are acquired through: observations, modelling, imitation and vicarious reinforcement
• Vicarious learning 


  Occurs when a learner observes a models behaviour being reinforced
• strength to behavioural approach

  • has real life application
  • e.g. has helped develop systems such as rewards in classrooms
  • can also encourage positive behaviour in prisons
  • can promote good behaviour in society
• weakness to behavioural approach

  • ignores other factors
  • e.g. does not consider the role of genetics on behaviour
  • behaviour is a result of different explanations meaning it doesn’t explain behaviour