environmental, social, cultural

• Environmental factors


  • Pollution (outdoor and indoor)
  • Poor housing (ventilation, damp, overcrowding, lack of heating, lack of outdoor space)
  • Barriers to care (service availability, individual circumstances)
• Outdoor pollutants


  • Traffic fumes
  • Industry smoke and pollution
  • Pesticides
  • Commercial waste
  • Building site waste
  • Asbestos
  • Chemicals
• Indoor pollutants


  • Cleaning chemicals
  • Aerosol sprays
  • Cigarette smoke/secondhand smoke
  • Mold and bacteria
  • Carbon monoxide
• Impacts of Pollutants


  • Respiratory disorders (bronchitis, asthma, emphysema, lung cancer)
  • Cardiovascular problems (artery blockage, heart attacks)
  • Allergies (wheezing, rashes)
• Poor housing

  • poor ventilation and damp (mold, respiratory issues)
  • overcrowding (anxiety, depression, spread of illness, cardiovascular issues)
• Barriers to care

  • Service availability (location, transport, opening times, high demand)
  • Individual circumstances (mobility, learning/communication, awareness, personal life issues)
• Social factors


  • Dysfunctional families
  • Parenting style
  • Bullying
  • Religion and culture
• Dysfunctional family


  Family that does not perform its function properly, with negativity, conflict, abuse, often due to parental upbringing
• Effects of dysfunctional families

  • Stress
  • Isolation
  • Health issues
  • Guilt
  • Psychological harm
  • Mental health issues
  • Drug and alcohol use
• Parenting styles


  • Supportive and demanding (authoritative)
  • Supportive and undemanding
  • Unsupportive and demanding (authoritarian)
  • Unsupportive and undemanding (disengaged)
• Effects of bullying


  • Stress
  • Withdrawal from social activities and education
  • Anxiety
  • Eating disorders
  • Self-harm
  • Poor achievement
• Religion and culture


  Dietary restrictions, influences on medical intervention, effects on lifestyle and health