Thermochemisry

• Anything that has the capacity to do work

  Energy
• A force acting over a distance

  Work
• Energy of motion or energy that is being transferred

  Kinetic energy
• Energy that is stored in an object, or energy associated with the composition and position of the object

  Potential energy
• Kinetic energy associated with the flow of electrical charge

  Electrical
• Kinetic energy associated with molecular motion

  Heat or thermal energy
• Kinetic energy associated with energy transitions in an atom

  Light or radiant energy
• Potential energy in the nucleus of atoms

  Nuclear
• Potential energy due to the structure of the atoms, the attachment between atoms, the atoms’ relative position to each other in the molecule, or the molecules’ relative positions in the structure

  Chemical
• The material or process that contains the energy changes studied

  System
• Everything else in the universe

  Surroundings
• The amount of energy needed to move a 1-kg mass a distance of 1 meter

  Joule
• The amount of energy needed to raise one gram of water by 1 degree Celsius

  Calorie
• The total amount of kinetic and potential energy a system possesses

  Internal energy
• A mathematical function whose result depends only on the initial and final conditions, not on the process used

  State function
• When heat flows from matter with high temperature to matter with low temperature until both objects reach the same temperature

  Thermal equilibrium
• Proportionally constant

  Heat capacity
• The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance 1 degree Celsius

  Specific heat capacity
• The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one mole of a substance 1 degree Celsius

  Molar heat capacity
• The sum of the internal energy of the system and the product of pressure and volume

  Enthalpy H
• The heat evolved in a reaction at a constant pressure.

  Enthalpy change
• Reactions that release heat

  Exothermic reactions
• Reactions that absorb heat

  Endothermic reactions
• The state of a material at a defined set of conditions

  Standard state
• When all reactants and products are in their standard states

  Standard enthalpy change
• The reaction forming one mole of a pure compound from its constituent elements

  Standard enthalpy of formation