b5

• what are communicable diseases

  are caused by pathogens that can be passed from one person to another
• what are non communicable diseases

  cannot be transmitted from one person to another
• what is a state if physical and mental well being?

  health
• what are the factors of health?

  diet

  stress

  life situations
• what are the 4 types of pathogens?

  fungi

  protists

  viruses

  bacteria
• what happens when bacteria and viruses do?

  reproduce rapidly inside the body
• what can bacteria produce that make you feel ill?

  toxins
• what do viruses do inside your cells?

  reproduce

  can cause cell damge
• how can pathogens spread?

  direct contact

  air

  water
• why are uncontaminated cultures needed?

  for investigating the action of disinfectants and antibiotic
• required practical 5:growing contamination

  1)make sure your hands and workspace are clean

  2)use a permanent marker to divide the bottom of the plate into sections

  -make sure the lid stays on to avoid contamination

  -dot to indicate where to place disc

  -nutrient agar plate inoculated with bacteria

  3)soak a filter paper disc into the first antiseptic

  4)carefully place paper disc on one of the dots,ensuring the lid is lifted away from your face

  5)soak paper discs in the remaining antiseptics(for the same amount of time)and add to the agar plate

  6)secure the lid with piece of tape
• how long does bacteria multiply?

  every 20 minutes
• how to investigate the effects of disinfectants and antibiotics?

  growing using agar plates

  Calculating the cross-sectional area of colonies grown or of clear areas of agar
• how is the spread of disease prevented?

  -simple hygiene measures

  -destroying vectors

  -isolation

  -vaccination
• how are measles spread?

  droplet infection
• what does measels cause?

  fever and rash

  can be fatal
• is there a cure for measles?

  no
• what is the best way to prevent spread of measles?

  isolation
• what does HIV cause?

  flu-like illness
• what can control HIV?

  antiretrioval drugs
• what does the late stage of HIV cause?

  AIDS
• how is tobacco mosaic virus spread?

  by correct and vecors
• what does tobacco mosaic virus do to the plant?

  reduces photosynthesis

  damages leaves
• is there a treatment for TMV?

  no
• how to prevent the spread of TMV?

  field hygiene

  pest control
• how is salmonella spread?

  undercooked food or poor hygiene
• what are the symptoms of salmonella?

  fever

  abdominal cramps

  diarrhoea

  vomiting caused by toxins
• what animal is vaccinated against salmonella?

  chicken
• what is gonorrhoea?


  a sexually transmitted disease
• what are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?

  discharge from penis

  vagina and pain on urination
• what is treatment of gonorrhoea?

  Antibiotics
• what disease is rose black spot?

  fungal
• what are the effects of rose black spot?

  damages leaves and chemical sprays but its not effective
• what is malaria caused by?

  parasitic protists
• what are the effects of malaria?

  damages blood and liver cells

  can cause fevers and shaking
• how to prevent the spread of malaria?

  preventing the vectors from breeding

  using mosquito nets
• human defence responses?


  the body has several lines of defence against the entry of pathogens

  white blood cells help to defend you against pathogens by ingesting them and by making antibodies and anti toxins
• how can plants be damaged?

  range of ion deficiency conditions
• how can plant diseases be detected?

  using gardening materials manuals

  laboratory tests
• physical plant defences?


  cellulose cell walls

  tough waxy cuticles

  layers of bark or dead cells