Spiritual Self

• William James’ take on spiritual self which is included to the other empirical selves is defined as the innermost workings of the person's mind, the behavior, beliefs and even morals that involves every aspect of the human as a person.
• Williams also posits that if one's beliefs, abilities as well as emotions are being criticized a person may feel that they are being questioned as a whole which will result in negative reactions.
• Manifestations of Spiritual Self

  • Person’s will
  • intelligence and abilities
  • morals
  • values
• Person’s will: Refers to one’s wishes, these are the things that we want to see and achieve in our lives.
• Intelligence and abilities: These are the perceived strengths of a person, the things that they have confidence in doing and believe to have a certain level of mastery of.
• • Morals - things that are acceptable for the person. (a person's definition of what is right and wrong)
• • Values - the ability of the person to prioritize based on what is important to him
• • Religion - beliefs and behaviors related to spiritual reality or supernatural beings and powers.
• Worldview - collective body of ideas that members of culture generally share and substance of their reality.
• • Spirituality - concern with the sacred in an individual manner
• • Cognitive - Enabling humans to explain the unexplainable phenomena.
• • Emotional - Helping humans cope up with anxieties.
• • Social - Social control, conflict resolution, and building group solidarity.
• • Supernatural - attributed to some force beyond scientific understanding or the laws of nature
• • Myth - a sacred narrative that explains the fundamentals of human existence
• Rituals - a culturally prescribed symbolic act or procedure designed for members of the community through transitions
• The Concept of  “Dungan” 

  • the Spirit or Soul
  • two dimensions : human body, spiritual
• • Kaluluwa by the Tagalogs.
• • Gimokud by the Bagobos.
• • Makatu by the Bukidnons.
• • Dungan by the Ilonggos when the person is alive; "Kalag” or "detached", "free", when he is dead.
• • Ikararuwa by the Ibanags.
• • Kadkadduwa by the ilocanos when the soul is in the physical body; and "karuruwa" when it departs.
• Rituals and Ceremonies

  • It is possible to view ritual as a way of defining or describing humans.
  • A person's participation in rituals is an expression of his religious beliefs.
• What is the meaning of Life?

  Logotherapy (by Dr. Victor Frankl) 

  1. Life has meaning under all circumstances.
  2. The main motivation for living is our will to find meaning in life.
  3. Freedom to find meaning.
• Frankl’s Three Postulates 

  That complement three primary human capabilities. 

  1. Person’s Will - Man is self-determining.
  2. Psychological - Man's key motivation is the search for meaning.
  3. Philosophical - Life has unconditional meaning.
• Frankl’s Sources of Meaning 

  • Purposeful Wok - meaning of life is unique to every individual.
  • Courage in the Face of Difficulty - a meaningful life is a life with suffering.
  • Love - the ultimate factor to find the meaning of life. 
• Only when the soul has safely reunited with the body, the person will be awake. Dungan is also connoted as “willpower”. If a person has a strong willpower, is it said to have a strong dungan (Magos, 1986).
• Rituals in the Philippines are quite common. Visayan fishing villages practice the oering ritual called harang. A local shaman invokes sea-spirits. There are several stages of the ritual purification, invocation, entreaty and feast which cover community life such as harvest, operation of fishing boats and cases of illnesses (Kawada, 1996)
• Anthropological - Man is ultimately self-determining. Reason why we exist
• Psychological - Man’s key motivation is the search for meaning.
• Philosophical - Life has unconditional meaning, regardless of the circumstances or situation. You are alive for a reason.
• Rituals in the Philippines are quite common. Visayan fishing villages practice the oering ritual called harang. A local shaman invokes sea-spirits. There are several stages of the ritual purification, invocation, entreaty and feast which cover community life such as harvest, operation of fishing boats and cases of illnesses (Kawada, 1996)
• Viktor Frankl, the originator of Logotherapy, indicates how his involvement in the quest for the significance of life in a Nazi death camp changed his viewpoint of the world. Frankl states that we can't abstain from aiction, yet we can pick how to manage it and discover significance in it. 
• Frankl believed that the motivation behind life isolates the person from creatures as well as enables us to survive troublesome circumstances. For Frankl, man cannot avoid suering but can find meaning from it. 
• Frankl theory holds three primary human capabilities called noological possibilities: self-detachment, self-transcendence, and the ability to “spiritually be in touch” with something or someone independent of spatio-temporal dimensions. To complement these capabilities he identified three postulates.