Clinical healthcare

• What are the 3 key areas the health index is based upon?

  Healthy people - health outcomes; life expectancy, physical health conditions, personal well-being and mental health

  Healthy lives - health related behaviours and personal circumstances inc. obesity, hypertension, drug misuse, smoking.

  Health places - covers wider social, economic and environmental drivers of health such as crime, unemployment, child poverty, pollution
• World Health Organisations definition of health

  a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
• Oxford dictionary definition of health


  the state of being free from illness or injury.
• how many deaths does cardiovascular disease account for in the UK?

  1/3
• what are the 5 principles of functional movement?

  1. basic body weight movement patterns

  2. limitations of fundamental movement patterns

  3. fundamental movement patterns involving the left and right side should be symmetrical

  4. basic movement capability should precede performance capability

  5. fundamental movement capability should precede complex movement activities
• what are the 3 functional movement screen types?

  1. deep squat

  2. hurdle step

  3. incline lunge
• 5 key pillars of public health?

  1. epidemiology and disease control - quantitative scientific discipline that relies heavily on stats and study deisgn

  2. environmental health - our physical environment has a powerful influence on our health

  3. health promotion and health education - aiming to be a part of the solution

  4. health administration and policy - underpins the actual implementation of health programmes within the community

  5. biostatistics/data science - predicting the likelihood of further health issues and vaccinations
• 3 key functions of public health?

  1. health promotion - inc. understanding of health issues

  2. health protection - an example - measles

  3. health services - maintaining of improving health - allied health
• what is health prevention?

  reducing the incidence of ill health by supporting healthier lifestyles and improving diet determinants of health
• what is public health?

  "refers to all organised measures (public or private) of society to prevent disease, promote health and prolong life among the population as a whole" WHO
• what is health improvement?

  enabling and encouraging healthy choices as well as addressing underlying determinants of health
• what is health protection?

  Surveillance and monitoring of infectious disease, emergency response and immunisation
• what is health services?

  public or private service offering medical care of improvement services to patients
• what is an example of health prevention?

  campaigns, health messages
• what is the 3 stage activity counselling model?

  1. create rapport

  2. gather info

  3. strategies for behaviour change
• What are the 7 active listening skills?

  1. be attentive

  2. ask open ended questions

  3. ask probing questions

  4. request clarification

  5. paraphrase

  6. be attuned to and reflect feelings

  7. summarise
• what are the 4 different counselling styles?

  preacher - likes to deliver mini-lectures, passionate, hopes passion is contagious

  director - provides explicit instructions, appropriate approach for exercises or activities that are new

  educator - provides relevant info to underpin decision making process, written material can be provided

  counsellor - collaborator who focuses on problem solving with a flexible approach focusing on patient needs
• what are the 4 steps to the "make every movement count" strategy?

  1. doors open - inviting the person to tell you about what they would be interested to change

  2. ask - don't assume people want to change for the same reason that we do

  3. advise - useful to raise awareness and give info

  4. assist - signposting the person to further info
• what does SOLER stand for?

  Squarely - face the client squarely

  Open - adapt an open posture

  Lean In - lean towards the client

  Eye Contact - maintain good eye contact

  Relaxed - be relaxed (being natural helps to put the client at ease
• How does the stage of behaviour change inform an appropriate behaviour change strategy?

  COGNITIVE:

  pre contemplation - patient isn't aware of an existing issue

  contemplation - patient acknowledges problem exists

  preparation - patient acknowledges problem

  BEHAVIOURAL:

  action - patient has clear plan and is motivated

  maintanence - patient has at least 6 months adopted into change

  relapse (unofficial) - patient returned to previous, possible unhealthy behaviour
• what are the 4 non-communicable diseases (NCD)?

  1. cardiovascular disease

  2. stroke

  3. cancer

  4. respiratory disease
• what are the 5 main factors that contribute to NCD's?

  1. tobacco use

  2. physical inactivity

  3. harmful use of alchol

  4. unhealthy diets

  5. air pollution
• what are the determinants of health?

  the range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors that influenced by local, national and international distribution of power and resources. they determine the extent to which different individuals have the physical social and personal resources
• Dahlgren and Whitehead's Rainbow determinants of health model


  Red - personal characteristics occupy the core of the model, inc. sex, age, ethnic group and hereditary factors - NON MODIFIABLE

  Orange - individual lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol use, physical activity - MODIFIABLE

  Yellow - social and community networks including family and wider social circles

  Green - living and working conditions include access to and opportunities in relation to jobs, housing, education and welfare services

  Purple - general socioeconomic, cultural and environmental factors such as disposable income, taxation and availability of work
• what is the social gradient?


  The phenomenon whereby people who are less advantaged in terms of socioeconomic position have worse health (and shorter lives) than those who are more advantaged.
• factors that contribute to social gradient?

  access to resources - individuals in higher socioeconomic positions typically have greater access yo resourse that will enhance their health and wellbeing

  environmental influences - socioeconomic status can affect the physical and social environments which people live in

  health behaviours influenced by socioeconomic status - people with higher status more likely to engage in health promoting behaviours

  socioeconomic status - influences exposure to chronic stressors such as financial strain, discrimination, social isolation, having detrimental effects on physical and mental health over time
• what is something that can reduce the social gradient?

  education
• what makes us healthy?

  - genetic factors

  - behavioural factors

  - environmental factors
• what is individual health?

  - refers to health status or wellbeing of a single person

  - includes aspects such as physical, mental, emotional and social wellbeing

  - factors influencing individual health; genetics, lifestyle choice, access to healthcare, personal behaviours

  - assesment and management of individual health often involves personal medical care, diagnosis, treatment and preventative measures tailored to specific needs and circumstances of an individual
• what is population health?

  - focuses on health of an entire group people

  - considers distribution of health outcomes within a population and the factors that influence these factors

  - looks beyond individual behaviours and medical care to examen broader determinants of health, inc. social, economic, environmental and policy factors

  - interventions aimed at improving population health may include public health policies, health promotion programs, community based initiatives and efforts to address social determinants of health
• what are key points in the context of healthcare?

  assessment - healthcare professionals assess individual health through various means

  diagnosis and treatment - once health issues are identified, healthcare providers diagnose specific and develop personalised treatment plans tailored to individual needs

  preventative care - in addition to treating existing health problems, healthcare also emphasised preventative care to maintain and promote good health

  patient centred care - individual health care is patient centred, meaning it considers the individuals unique preferences, values and circumstances when making healthcare decisions

  continuity of care - individuals healthcare often involves ongoing monitoring, follow-up appointments, and coordination of care across different healthcare providers
• positive factors affecting life course

  - healthy and balanced diet

  - environment that enables physical activity

  - good educational entertainment

  - stable employment with good income
• negative factors affecting life course

  - smoking

  - adverse childhood experiences

  - crime and violence

  - drug and alcohol misuse
• biopsychosocial model info


  holistic framework used in medicine and psychology to try and better understand health and illness

  developed by Dr. George L. Engel in 1970

  takes into account biological, psychological and social factors
• definition of stress


  a state of mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or very demanding circumstances.
• what does william's pressure performance curve show?

  performance initially improves with moderate levels of pressure but too much leads to diminishing returns
• what is a stressor?


  something in the external environment e.g. work problems
• what is stress?


  the response to a stressor e.g. feeling of tension
• what is a stress response?


  biochemical, physiological, behavioural and psychological changes
• key components of health improvements

  prevention - preventing occurrence of progression of diseases or health conditions e.g. vaccination programs

  education and awareness - raising awareness and providing education about health related issues and risks e.g. campaigns to inform

  access to healthcare - ensuring access to healthcare services is crucial for health improvement e.g. removing barriers to healthcare access such as financial constraints, geographical barriers