Geog tourism lesson 1

• Tourist


  A person who makes a trip outside of his/her usual environment for leisure or personal purposes
• Trip


  Within same day, or several days (requires overnight stays)
• Domestic Tourists


  Travelling within their own country
• International Tourists


  Travelling abroad to another country
• Tourist Generating Regions


  • Where Tourists Come from
  • Where people and businesses that offer tourism products and experiences may be based
• Transit Route


  • Route of travel from generating to destination regions
  • The greater the availability of transit routes from generating to destination the higher the volume and direction of travel
  • Convenient and attractive transit routes are often preferred by tourists
• Tourist Destination Regions


  • Region which attracts tourists
  • Region that experiences the consequences of tourism (e.g. pollution, environmental degradation, job opportunities, increase revenue)
• Tourist Generating Regions in 1995

  • North America
  • Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, Denmark)
  • Some parts of Western Europe
• Countries that generated the most tourists in 1995

  • Denmark
  • Luxembourg
  • Switzerland
  • Estonia
• Tourist Generating Regions in 2019


  • Europe
  • North America
  • Middle East (emerging)
  • Asia Pacific region (emerging)
• Countries that generated the most tourists in 2019

  • United Arab Emirates
  • Luxembourg
  • Switzerland
  • Denmark
  • Finland
  • Sweden
  • Iceland
  • China (emerging)
  • New zealand
  • Germany
  • Austria
  • Slovenia
• North America is the region that remains as the region with the highest tourist departures
• Asia Pacific region is emerging with more tourist departures as compared to 1995
• Singapore is a tourist generating region with 1826 departures per 1000 people
• Dependables


  • More cautious about money
  • Follow travel trends and instructions from travel agencies/authorities
  • Structured travelling habits with clear routines
  • Travel in groups
  • Visit popular and familiar destinations
  • Tend to return to the same places
  • More likely to sign up for travel/ tour packages
  • Opt for mass tourism
• Venturers


  • Spend money readily
  • Guided by what they want to do and where they want to go
  • Spontaneous travelling habits
  • Travel alone
  • Explore less-developed, unique places (could be less convenient)
  • Visit new places all the time
  • Make their own travel plans
  • Opt for niche tourism
• Most people fall close to the middle of the dependable-venturer spectrum
• Venturers often find new attractions which dependables later travel to
• Motivation to Travel


  • To release stress from work and a hectic lifestyle
  • To achieve self-growth by participating in challenging activities
  • To learn something new or improve existing knowledge
  • To grow spiritually (e.g. visiting religious sites)
  • To discover new and unique travelling experiences
• Need for Relaxation


  Hectic lifestyles often cause people to travel. They travel to rest and rejuvenate. Some seek nature to escape their urban environment. Some look for recreational activities.
• Need to Achieve personal growth and self-fulfilment


  Some seek travelling to attain their fullest potential; they travel to learn and grow - it could be growing in terms of knowledge, spiritual growth or experiential growth. Some participate in activities that are challenging (physically and emotionally).
• Need to discover unique travel experiences

  Some travel to satisfy their curiosity about the world. They explore different environments, culture, uncommon places.
• Ability to Travel


  • Disposable income
  • Increase in Leisure time
  • Business innovations in the tourism-industry
• Disposable income


  Income that is left after taxes are paid for (money for spending). Economic development allowed people to spend more on travelling.
• China's GDP increased 4 times - and number of tourists leaving the country increased from about 9 million in the 90s to 154 million in 2019
• Increase in Leisure time


  Number of paid-leave, public holidays and shorter working weeks have been increasing in developed and developing countries. This gives more people the time to travel.
• How people book their travels

  • Traditional Travel Agencies
  • Travel Packages Offered Online - e.g. Klook
  • Individual choices based on various websites - e.g. Agoda for Hotels, Skyscanner for Flights
  • Discounted Travel Coupons to attractions
• Business innovations in the tourism-industry

  Businesses now offer more affordable travel options. In the past, the rise of tour packages were popular - tours were booked in bulks resulting in lower prices. Now, websites and apps provide booking options which provide more value-for-money travel experiences; even discounts.
• Types of flights booked

  • Budget Airlines only
  • Premium Airlines only
  • A mix of Budget and Premium Airlines depending on location
• Lower transport costs


  Air transport has become more affordable. Budget planes (more fuel-efficient) allow for low prices.
• Types of accommodations booked


  • Hotels from their own websites
  • Hotels from website such as Agoda, Trivago, Expedia
  • Rented Properties from websites such as AirBnB
  • Local Homestays
• Lower Accommodation costs


  Greater variety of accommodation types. Hotels, Rented properties, Local homestays. Wide variety caters to people with varying budgets.
• In 2019 - about 2 million people were staying in AirBnB properties every day
• Mobility in Travel


  • Expansion of public transport services and infrastructure
  • Availability of good airport system
  • New modes of transport (e.g. bullet train, double-decker bus, advanced plane models)
  • Private car ownership and car rentals
• Expansion of public transport services and infrastructure

  Connectivity between destinations, between cities and between countries have been increasingly developed. This allows tourists to travel in an affordable manner yet efficiently.
• New modes of transport


  Technology has also allowed for new and improved modes of transport. This brings tourists around conveniently.
• The Shinkansen in Japan (bullet train) - trips between cities like Tokyo to Osaka have been shortened by 3 hours.
• Commercial airlines are also able to travel further without taking multiple stopovers
• Private car ownership and car rentals

  Some people tend to use cars to travel to nearby locations as it is more convenient and comfortable. This has boosted domestic tourism. Some people also rent cars at destinations to allow for freedom of travel.
• Younger people tend to explore authentic, unique, specific places that haven't been explored by others