PPG Quiz 25 items reviewer

• Barangay


  A Malayan word meaning "boat", the basic political unit in pre-colonial Philippines
• Barangay


  • Headed by a chief known as the datu
  • The datu held vast legislative, executive, and judicial powers
  • The datu was usually assisted by a council of elders called maginoos
• Datu


  The chief or ruler of a barangay, could become a datu by inheritance, wisdom, wealth, or physical prowess
• Governance in pre-colonial Philippines

  1. Barangays were independent and self-sufficient political units

  2. Barangays could join together as "confederations" for mutual protection

  3. The datu had the power to create rules, implement regulations, and decide on cases

  4. Laws were mostly unwritten, based on native customs, traditions and norms, and passed down orally
• Social classes in pre-colonial Philippines

  • Nobility (Maharlika)
  • Freemen (Timawa)
  • Serfs (Aliping namamahay)
  • Slaves (Aliping sagigilid)
• The pre-colonial government was characterized by independent barangays
• Feudalism


  A system of governance introduced during the Spanish period, where people were given land and protection by people of higher ranks, and worked and fought for them in return
• Evils of the Philippine society during the Spanish period

  • Feudalism
  • Imperialism
  • Bureaucratic Capitalism
• The Spanish governance system was characterized as centralized and unitary in scope
• The Treaty of Paris signed in 1898 ceded the Philippines from Spain to the United States
• The Treaty of Paris is considered void in relation to Mindanao, as the Moro-inhabited province was not fully subjugated by Spain
• The Spanish takeover brought changes to the Philippines government structure, consolidating power under a centralized government led by the governor-general
• Changes to governance under Spanish rule

  1. Barangays were consolidated into towns (pueblos) each led by a gobernadorcillo

  2. Towns were then grouped into provinces, either fully subjugated (alcaldia) or not fully pacified (corregimiento)

  3. Laws emanated from Spain, with a Royal Audiencia as an independent judicial body
• Spain's claim to the Philippines was based on the discovery by Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 and its subsequent conquest by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
• From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was indirectly governed by the King of Spain through Mexico, and then directly ruled from Spain until 1898
• The Malolos Republic established by Aguinaldo did not last long due to lack of international recognition and the Philippine-American War
• Consent of the governed


  The idea that a government's legitimacy and moral right to use state power is justified and lawful only when consented to by the people or society over which that political power is exercised
• The purpose of American colonization of the Philippines was to train or guide the Philippines to become a self-sufficient government through the Commonwealth regime
• The consent of the governed is removed when the said consent is abuse or use in injustices, despotic or oppressive
• Proponents of the consent of government

  • John Locke
  • John Jacques Rousseau
  • Charles De Montesquieu
• The American occupation led the establishment of the American regime in the Philippines
• Purpose of American colonization in the Philippines

  To train or guide the Philippines to became a self-sufficient government through Commonwealth Republic because they think that the Malolos Constitution was lacking
• The Americans simply want the Filipinos to embrace democracy
• Objective of the Commonwealth Republic

  To prepare the Filipinos for self-governance
• Manuel L. Quezon was the first president of the Commonwealth Republic
• Manuel L. Quezon: 'The Loyalty to my party ends where my loyalty to my country begins'
• The 1935 Constitution was the constitution under the American Republic
• Essence of the 1935 Constitution


  To establish a government that shall embody the Filipino people's ideals, conserve and develop the patrimony of the nation, promote the general welfare, and secure to themselves and their posterity the blessings of independence under a regime of justice, liberty, and democracy
• The Filipino people in the preamble of the 1935 Constitution refers to the Philippines, not the Filipinos, as it was approved by the American President
• The signing of the Treaty of Paris signaled the end of the Spanish-American War


  1898
• The Treaty of Paris involved United States' payment of $20 Million to Spain after the latter ceded all its imperial possessions, including Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines
• The American occupation of the Philippines precipitated the Philippine-American War
• The Philippine-American War was one of the longest wars the United States has ever been to
• Establishment of military government in the Philippines

  1. Military governor exercised all powers of the government through the authority of the US President

  2. Military governors were Gen. Wesley Merritt, Gen. Elwell Otis, and Maj. General Arthur MacArthur, Jr.
• The Spooner Amendment ended the Military Regime and established the Civil Government
• Establishment of Civil Government

  1. Civil Governor headed the government and also exercised legislative powers as the head of the Philippine Commission

  2. First Civil Governor was Judge William H. Taft
• Development of Philippine Legislature

  1. 1902 - Philippine Organic Act created a bicameral legislature with the Philippine Commission as the upper house and the Philippine Assembly as the lower house

  2. 1907 - First nationwide election held and the Philippine legislature held its first session

  3. 1916 - Philippine Autonomy Act reorganized the legislature into a fully elected and Filipino-controlled bicameral body
• The Tydings-McDuffie Act established the Philippine Commonwealth in 1934
• The 1935 Constitution paved the way for a presidential and unicameral legislative system called the National Assembly of the Philippines
• The legislature was later restored to bicameral after an amendment in the Commonwealth Constitution