MIDTERMS

• COMPONENTS OF HEALTHCARE SYSTEM
• 8 ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS


  • Health education concerning prevailing health problems & the methods of preventing & controlling them
  • Promotion of food supply & proper nutrition
  • An adequate supply of safe water & sanitation
  • Maternal & child health care
  • Immunization against major infectious diseases
  • Prevention & control of locally endemic diseases
  • Appropriate treatment of common diseases & injuries
  • Provision of essential drugs
• ELEMENTS OF PHC


  • Education
  • Water and sanitation
  • Nutrition
  • Maternal and child health
  • Immunization
  • Prevention of endemic disease
  • Treatment
  • Drug availability
• PHC


  To provide the rural population in developing countries with at least the basic minimum of health services
• 5 COMMON SHORTCOMINGS OF HEALTHCARE DELIVERY

  • Inverse care
  • Unsafe care
  • Impoverishing care
  • Fragmented and fragmenting care
  • Misdirected care
• Inverse care


  Privileged people consume the most care, people who need the most care (unpriveleged communities) are least likely to receive it
• Impoverishing care


  No pay, no care. No judgment or discrimination. Wherever people lack of social protection and payment for health care, they are largely out of pocket. Millions of people fall into poverty because they have to pay for healthcare
• Fragmented and fragmenting care


  Occurs when different healthcare providers and/or healthcare organizations do not work well together
• Unsafe care


  Result of poor healthcare system
• Misdirected care

  Resource allocation clusters around curative services at great cost, neglecting the potential of primary prevention and health promotion
• THE BASIC REQUIREMENT FOR SOUND PHC (THE 8 A'S AND 3 C'S)

  • Appropriateness
  • Availability
  • Adequacy
  • Accessibility
  • Acceptability
  • Affordability
  • Assessability
  • Accountability
  • Completeness
  • Comprehensiveness
  • Continuity
• WHAT ARE THE STRATEGIES OF PHC?

  • Reducing excess mortality of poor marginalized populations
  • Reducing the leading risk factors to human health
  • Developing Sustainable Health Systems
  • Developing an enabling policy and institutional environment
• Health system


  The combined entity of all resources, actors and institutions related to the financing, regulation and provision of all activities whose primary intent is to improve or maintain health
• Health care system


  An arrangement in which health care is delivered. There are many variations health care systems around the world
• Health care delivery system


  The totality of resources that a population or society distributes in the organization and delivery or health services. It also includes all personal and public services performed by individuals or institutions for the purpose of maintaining or restoring health

  
• GOALS OF HEALTH CARE SYSTEM

  • Good health
  • Responsiveness to the expectations of the population
  • Fair financial contribution

  
• TOPIC 2
• HEALTH CARE PROCESS

  
• COMPONENTS OF HEALTH CARE PROCESSES

  • Assessment
  • Diagnosis
  • Planning
  • Implementation
  • Evaluation

  
• Assessment


  Physical examination, Patient interview
• Diagnosis


  Diagnostic procedures, Lab tests
• Planning


  Plan to improve the life of the patient
• Implementation


  Conducting the plan
• Evaluation


  If the patient's condition worsened or improved, If the plan is effective
• PURPOSES OF HEALTHCARE PROCESSES

  • To provide a systematic methodology for health worker practice
  • To facilitate documentation of data, diagnosis, plans, client responses and evaluation
  • To evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of care
  • To give directions, guidance, and planning to healthcare
  • To provide for continuity of care and to reduce omissions
  • To individualize client participation in care
  • To promote creativity and flexibility in health care practices

  
• CHARACTERISTICS OF HEALTHCARE PROCESSES

  • The system is open and flexible to meet the unique needs of client, family, group, or community
  • It is cyclic and dynamic. Because all steps are interrelated, there is no absolute beginning or end
  • It is client centered; It individualizes the approach to each client's particular needs
  • It is interpersonal and collaborative. It requires the health care worker to communicate directly and consistently with clients to meet their needs
  • It is planned
  • It is goal directed
  • It permits creativity for the healthcare worker and client in devising ways to solve the stated health problems
  • It emphasizes feedback, which leads either to reassessment of the problem or to revision of the care plan
  • It is universally applicable. The healthcare process is used as a framework for care in all types of healthcare settings, with clients of all age groups

  
• General Considerations for Application of Healthcare Processes to Individual Patients

  • Caring for the individuals working with more than the client and his or her isolated health concerns
  • The client's family and significant others, beliefs and background all influence the patients and subsequent care
  • The patient's perception of health concerns and related responses, reasons for seeking health care, and expectations of achieving optimum health are essential data in the health care assessment
  • Data reflecting the client's biographical status and biophysical, psychological, socio-cultural, and spiritual health are needed to ensure multifocal approach to care
  • Health workers use their empirical and personal knowledge, experience and judgment for determining the type of data to obtain during the assessment
  • Data to be collected should be relevant to generate diagnoses for independent health actions

  
• Pharmaceutical care


  The responsible provision of drug therapy for the purpose of achieving definite outcomes that improve a patient's quality of life
• OUTCOMES OF PHARMACEUTICAL CARE

  • Cure of the disease
  • Arresting or slowing disease processes
  • Prevention of a disease or symptomatology
  • Elimination or reduction of symptoms
• Pharmaceutical care plan


  Pharmaceutical care is provided to ensure the patient's benefit and quality of care. The fundamental relationship is beneficial exchange in which the patient grants authority to the provider and the provider gives confidence and commitment to the patient
• PHARMACEUTICAL CARE PROCESS


  • Determining the Patient's Health Care Needs
  • Designing the Patient's Care Plan
  • Implementing the Patient Care Plan
  • Assessing the Patient's Response to Care

  
• Sources of Information for Patient Database

  • Patient encounter
  • Patient's medical chart or profile
  • Review of laboratory tests results
  • Other healthcare professionals caring for the patient
  • Family members and caregivers who are not healthcare professionals
• IN DEVELOPING THE PROBLEM LIST

  • Medication with no medical condition
  • Medical condition for which there is no medication prescribed
  • Medication prescribed inappropriately for a patient's medical condition
  • Inappropriate dose, dosage form, schedule, route of administration
  • Therapeutic duplication
  • Prescribing of medications to which the patient is allergic
  • Actual or potential adverse drug event
  • Actual or potential clinically significant drug-drug, drug-disease, drug-nutrient and drug-laboratory test interaction
  • Interference with medical therapy by social or recreational drug use
  • Problems arising from the financial impact of medication therapy on the patient
  • Lack of understanding of the medication therapy by the patient
  • Failure of the patient to adhere to the medication regimen
• DESIGNING PATIENT'S CARE PLAN

  • Specify goals
  • Design pharmacotherapeutic regimen
  • Design monitoring plan
  • Determine the amount of support necessary

  
• IMPLEMENTING PATIENT CARE PLAN

  • Recommend the regimen
  • Initiate care and monitoring plan

  
• ASSESSING THE PATIENT'S RESPONSE TO CARE

  • Evaluate the results/outcomes from the implementation of the plan
  • Redesigning the patient care plan based upon patient progress and outcomes
  • Document changes, progress and outcomes as needed

  
• TOPIC 3
• HEALTH SECTORS GOVERNING HEALTH CARE SYSTEM
• Health systems


  A functional network of healthcare providers, including public sector and privately run services, which range from traditional healers to the most technologically advanced hospitals. Health systems consist of organizations, people and actions whose primary intent is to promote, restore or maintain health

  
• Healthcare sector


  The sector of the economy made up of companies that specialize in products and services related to health and medical care